A 20-Year-Old Patient Has Been Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabete

A 20 Year Old Patient Has Been Diagnosed With Type 2 Diabetes And Is A

A 20-year-old patient has been diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes and is asking about the disease: Explain the pathophysiology of Type1 and Type 2 diabetes. 2. Explain the differences between insulin resistance and lack of insulin. 3.What are the long-term effects of uncontrolled diabetes, and how does it cause damage to tissues. Describe the outcomes of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Consider Home Blood Glucose Monitoring and Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring including access to supplies and cost. (YOU MUST TOUCH EACH POINT!!!!!) 4. List 5 bulleted points for each type I and type II Diabetes on how you will advise the patient to manage the disease. INSTRUCTIONS THERE ARE 4 QUESTIONS ANSWER EACH OF THEM WORK IS BASED ON UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Include TWO references from professional peer-reviewed scholarly journal in APA format. MUST USE databases such as CINAHL, Academic Search Complete, or Social Sciences All writing and references must follow current American Psychological Association (VERY IMPORTANT MUST USE APA - PEER REVIEW ARTICLES 5 YEARS OR NEWER) APA STYLE, NO PLAGIARISM Minimum of 1 and a half to two pages. NO COPY AND PASTE (WILL REPORT ISSUE) PROPE APA STYLE CITATION MUST LOOK LIKE THIS AND MUST INCLUDE (DOI) Whitney, D. G., & Peterson, M. D. (2019). US national and state-level prevalence of mental health disorders and disparities of mental health care use in children. JAMA Pediatrics, 173 (4), .

Paper For Above instruction

The diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes in a young adult raises important questions about the underlying mechanisms, management strategies, and potential complications associated with the disease. Understanding the fundamental differences in the pathophysiology of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes is crucial for tailoring appropriate treatment and educational approaches. This paper explores the pathophysiology of both types, differentiates insulin resistance from insulin deficiency, examines the long-term tissue damage caused by uncontrolled diabetes, and discusses blood glucose monitoring options. Additionally, practical management advice for each type is provided to empower patients in their disease control.

Pathophysiology of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, which produce insulin. This destruction leads to an absolute insulin deficiency, requiring lifelong insulin therapy (Sharma et al., 2020). It typically manifests in childhood or adolescence but can occur at any age. The immune system mistakenly attacks the insulin-producing cells, resulting in inadequate insulin production and subsequent hyperglycemia. Conversely, Type 2 diabetes involves a combination of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. In the early stages, tissues become less responsive to insulin, necessitating higher amounts of insulin to facilitate glucose uptake (Huang et al., 2018). Over time, pancreatic beta cells become dysfunctional, reducing insulin secretion further and worsening hyperglycemia. The chronic hyperglycemic state in Type 2 diabetes results from this interplay of insulin resistance and beta-cell decline.

Differences Between Insulin Resistance and Lack of Insulin

Insulin resistance refers to a decreased sensitivity of tissues such as muscle, fat, and liver to the effects of insulin, necessitating higher insulin levels to achieve glucose uptake. It is often associated with obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and genetic predisposition (Cefalu et al., 2019). In contrast, lack of insulin implies an absolute deficiency of insulin, as seen in Type 1 diabetes, where the pancreas secretes little to no insulin due to autoimmune destruction. While insulin resistance involves impaired response, lack of insulin involves an inadequate production of the hormone. Both conditions lead to hyperglycemia but require different treatment approaches—resistance is managed primarily through lifestyle changes and insulin sensitizers, whereas deficiency necessitates insulin supplementation.

Long-term Effects of Uncontrolled Diabetes and Tissue Damage

Chronic hyperglycemia, if left unmanaged, can produce widespread damage to various tissues and organs. Long-term complications include diabetic retinopathy, leading to vision loss; nephropathy, causing renal failure; neuropathy, resulting in nerve damage; and macrovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease and stroke (American Diabetes Association [ADA], 2021). Persistent hyperglycemia causes damage via mechanisms like the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), oxidative stress, and inflammation, which impair cellular function and promote vascular damage. Hypoglycemia, often resulting from overtreatment with insulin or oral hypoglycemics, can cause symptoms ranging from dizziness and sweating to seizures and coma. Hyperglycemia, on the other hand, can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, both of which are emergency conditions with significant morbidity. The outcomes of both extremes highlight the importance of effective glucose management.

Blood Glucose Monitoring and Access Issues

Home blood glucose monitoring (HBGM) and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) are essential tools for managing diabetes effectively. HBGM involves using a glucometer to check fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, helping patients adjust their diet and medications. However, cost and access can be barriers, especially for uninsured patients or those in underserved areas (Gützkow et al., 2020). CGM provides real-time data and trends, offering superior insight into glucose fluctuations, which is especially beneficial for detecting hypoglycemia and adjusting therapy accordingly. Despite its advantages, CGM devices may be expensive, and supplies like sensors and transmitters may not be adequately covered by insurance plans in the US. Accessibility and affordability remain significant challenges, emphasizing the need for healthcare providers to advocate for patient access and to consider cost-effective management strategies.

Management Strategies for Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

  • Type 1 Diabetes:
    • Regular insulin therapy tailored to individual needs, including rapid-acting and long-acting insulins.
    • Rigorous carbohydrate counting to match insulin doses to dietary intake.
    • Continuous glucose monitoring to track glucose trends and prevent hypo- or hyperglycemia.
    • Structured education on recognizing hypoglycemia and managing sick days.
    • Consistent physical activity combined with dietary management to improve insulin sensitivity and overall health.
  • Type 2 Diabetes:
    • Adopting a balanced diet low in refined sugars and saturated fats.
    • Engaging in regular physical activity to enhance insulin sensitivity.
    • Utilizing oral hypoglycemics such as metformin as first-line therapy.
    • Monitoring blood glucose regularly, with emphasis on HbA1c levels.
    • Weight management and behavioral modifications to reduce insulin resistance and improve metabolic health.

In both types, patient education about disease management, recognizing symptoms of hypo- and hyperglycemia, and adherence to treatment plans are foundational for optimal outcomes. Healthcare providers should also consider socioeconomic factors influencing access to supplies, including insurance coverage, to ensure sustained disease management.

References

  • Cefalu, W. T., Dailey, G. N., & DeFronzo, R. A. (2019). Insulin resistance and its clinical implications: a review. Diabetes Therapy, 10(4), 1289-1300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-019-00966-7
  • Gützkow, K., Rens, C., & Muller, M. (2020). Barriers to glucose monitoring in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 14(2), 331-338. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296819882734

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