A Bad Boys Inc Is Evaluating Its Cost Of Capital Under Consu
A Bad Boys Inc Is Evaluating Its Cost Of Capital Under Consultatio
A Bad Boys, Inc. is evaluating its cost of capital. Under consultation, Bad Boys, Inc. expects to issue new debt at par with a coupon rate of 8% and to issue new preferred stock with a $2.50 per share dividend at $25 a share. The common stock of Bad Boys, Inc. is currently selling for $20.00 a share. Bad Boys, Inc. expects to pay a dividend of $1.50 per share next year.
An equity analyst foresees a growth in dividends at a rate of 5% per year. Bad Boys, Inc. marginal tax rate is 35%. If Bad Boys, Inc. raises capital using 45% debt, 5% preferred stock, and 50% common stock, what is Bad Boys cost of capital? B. If Bad Boys, Inc. raises capital using 30% debt, 5% preferred stock, and 65% common stock, what is Bad Boys cost of capital? C. On page 457, your textbook details the term Cannibalization. In your own words, identify two corporations that have dealt with cannibalization and what steps were taken to overcome the cannibalization. Please provide any citations and references. Please be articulate in your responses.
Paper For Above instruction
Introduction
Understanding the cost of capital is fundamental for corporations as it influences investment decisions, valuation, and overall corporate strategy. In this paper, we analyze the components involved in calculating Bad Boys, Inc.'s cost of capital, considering different capital structures, and examine the concept of cannibalization with real-world examples. Through comprehensive calculations and case analyses, this discussion aims to elucidate key financial principles relevant to strategic decision-making.
Calculation of Cost of Equity
The cost of equity is typically estimated using the dividend discount model (DDM), especially when dividends are expected to grow at a constant rate. The formula is:
\[
\text{Cost of Equity} (r_e) = \frac{D_1}{P_0} + g
\]
Where:
- \( D_1 \) = dividend next year = $1.50
- \( P_0 \) = current stock price = $20.00
- \( g \) = dividend growth rate = 5% or 0.05
Applying the values:
\[
r_e = \frac{1.50}{20.00} + 0.05 = 0.075 + 0.05 = 0.125 \text{ or } 12.5\%
\]
This indicates that the expected return required by investors on the company's equity is 12.5%.
Cost of Debt Calculation
The cost of debt is straightforward, given the coupon rate of 8% on new debt issued at par:
\[
r_d = 8\%
\]
Since interest expense is tax deductible, the after-tax cost of debt is:
\[
r_{d, after-tax} = r_d \times (1 - \text{Tax rate}) = 8\% \times (1 - 0.35) = 8\% \times 0.65 = 5.2\%
\]
Cost of Preferred Stock
Preferred stock dividends are fixed, and the cost is calculated as:
\[
r_{ps} = \frac{\text{Dividend per share}}{\text{Price per share}} = \frac{2.50}{25} = 0.10 \text{ or } 10\%
\]
Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) Calculations
The formula for WACC is:
\[
\text{WACC} = (w_e \times r_e) + (w_p \times r_{ps}) + (w_d \times r_{d, after-tax})
\]
Where:
- \( w_e \), \( w_p \), and \( w_d \) are the weights of equity, preferred stock, and debt respectively.
Part A:
- \( w_d = 45\% \)
- \( w_p = 5\% \)
- \( w_e = 50\% \)
Applying the weights:
\[
WACC_A = (0.50 \times 12.5\%) + (0.05 \times 10\%) + (0.45 \times 5.2\%)
\]
\[
WACC_A = (0.125 \times 0.50) + (0.10 \times 0.05) + (0.052 \times 0.45)
\]
\[
WACC_A = 0.0625 + 0.005 + 0.0234 = 0.0909 \text{ or } 9.09\%
\]
Part B:
- \( w_d = 30\% \)
- \( w_p = 5\% \)
- \( w_e = 65\% \)
Applying these:
\[
WACC_B = (0.65 \times 12.5\%) + (0.05 \times 10\%) + (0.30 \times 5.2\%)
\]
\[
WACC_B = 0.08125 + 0.005 + 0.0156 = 0.10185 \text{ or } 10.19\%
\]
Cannibalization: Concepts and Corporate Cases
Cannibalization occurs when a company's new product eats into sales of its existing products, potentially harming overall profitability. Addressing the phenomenon involves strategic planning, diversification, and marketing initiatives.
Coca-Cola and New Product Launches
Coca-Cola frequently introduces new beverage variants to meet changing consumer preferences. In some instances, these new products have cannibalized existing offerings—such as diet sodas replacing regular sodas. To address this, Coca-Cola employs targeted marketing and positioning strategies to differentiate products, reduce overlap, and expand overall market share (Coca-Cola Company, 2020).
Apple Inc. and Product Line Expansion
Apple faced potential cannibalization when launching new iPhone models that could overshadow earlier versions. To mitigate this, Apple uses pricing strategies, differentiated features, and controlled release strategies to encourage upgrade cycles without solely relying on previous models' sales (Lashinsky, 2012). They also diversify their product portfolio, including services and wearables, to reduce dependency on a single product line.
Overcoming Cannibalization
Both companies have used strategic product differentiation, targeted marketing, and diversification to manage cannibalization risks. Ensuring new products complement existing offerings and repositioning older products through price adjustments or feature improvements are vital steps in minimizing cannibalization's adverse effects (Kumar & Pansari, 2016).
Conclusion
Calculating the weighted average cost of capital allows Bad Boys, Inc. to evaluate investment opportunities under different capital structures, with the first scenario resulting in a WACC of approximately 9.09%, and the second around 10.19%. Understanding the components—cost of equity, debt, and preferred stock—facilitates sound financial decision-making. Moreover, addressing the phenomenon of cannibalization through strategic differentiation and diversification, as exemplified by Coca-Cola and Apple, can help companies optimize their product portfolios and sustain growth.
References
- Coca-Cola Company. (2020). Annual Report. Retrieved from https://www.coca-colacompany.com/reports
- Kumar, V., & Pansari, A. (2016). Competitive Advantage from Customer Engagement: An Empirical Examination and Policy Implications. Journal of Marketing, 80(6), 1–19.
- Lashinsky, A. (2012). Inside Apple: How America's Most Admired—And Secretive—Company Really Works. Hachette Books.
- Ross, S. A., Westerfield, R., & Jaffe, J. (2016). Corporate Finance (11th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
- Damodaran, A. (2010). Applied Corporate Finance. John Wiley & Sons.
- Brigham, E. F., & Ehrhardt, M. C. (2016).Financial Management: Theory & Practice. Cengage Learning.
- Franklin, M. (2018). The Cost of Capital: Estimation and Application. Journal of Applied Finance, 28(3), 45–56.
- Higgins, R. C. (2012). Analysis for Financial Management. McGraw-Hill Education.
- Brealey, R., Myers, S., & Allen, F. (2017). Principles of Corporate Finance. McGraw-Hill Education.
- Fama, E.F., & French, K.R. (2004). The Capital Asset Pricing Model: Theory and Evidence. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(3), 25-46.