A Mammal In Winter With A Furnace Of Her Own

A Mammal In Winter With a Furnace Of Her Own

The New York Times February 20, 2007 Tuesday Late Edition - Final SECTION: Section F; Column 1; Science Desk; BASICS; Pg. 1 LENGTH: 1093 words HEADLINE: A Mammal In Winter With a Furnace Of Her Own BYLINE: By Natalie Angier BODY: The other day a group of distraught construction workers in a Washington suburb contacted the local animal control agency with an unusual complaint. It seems there were seven large snakes wrapped around the heating pipes in a manhole, and the crew members worried that the snakes might be dangerous. I know exactly how they felt. No, not the construction workers, who were spooked by what turned out to be a collection of commonplace and quite harmless hognose and black rat snakes.

I'm talking about those poor serpents. It's been a vicious February, and I, too, have been tempted to weld myself to my home heating unit and to remain there, motionless, until the first summer markdowns. Alas, I cannot. For one thing, my daughter is blocking the vent, and when I try to push her aside, she hisses at me. For another, I have no good phylogenetic or metabolic excuse.

I am not a reptile. I am not at the mercy of the elements, ectothermically dependent on external sources of heat to spur my every move. I make my own heat, a prodigious, endogenous internal inferno, and with that enviable talent, that ability to maintain a steady core temperature however nature's mercury may surge or plunge, I can plan my day more cannily and venture wherever I choose. Granted, the odds of my freely choosing to gambol in the snow are roughly equivalent to Dennis Kucinich's shot at the presidency, but I could do it. I'd much rather celebrate the delights of being a warm-blooded homeotherm by visiting the splendid Hall of Mammals at the Smithsonian Institution's Museum of Natural History, which offers the added attraction of being splendidly indoors.

At the museum, visitors are reminded that mammaldom did not confer any major advantages on its earliest practitioners. The first mammals were small, nocturnal, rodentlike creatures that skittered around the feet of dinosaurs for 140 million years. But when a giant asteroid barreled into Earth 65 million years ago, tossing up a fleecy quilt of dirt and ash that blocked the Sun, cooled the planet and killed off the dinosaurs along with about 70 percent of all living species, mammals and birds with their self-sufficient thermostats were able to weather the squalls, and the two groups quickly diversified to fill the ecovoids. Today, there are more than 5,400 members of the class Mammalia, ranging in scale from the tiny Kitti's hog-nosed bat of Thailand, which at 1.5 grams is barely bigger than a carpenter bee, to the great blue whale, 90 feet long, 270,000 pounds heavy, and the most massive creature of any phylum ever to grace our world.

''You find mammals everywhere you look: on the ground, under the ground, near the highest mountaintops, in the sea and air, in arid deserts, superwet rainforests, on polar ice,'' said Don E. Wilson, curator of mammals at the museum. ''And the key to their success, the reason they are the dominant life forms in such a wide range of habitats, is their ability to maintain a steady internal body temperature almost regardless of what's going on outside.'' With a predictably balmy internal milieu, the body's enzymes can operate at a steady clip day and night, lending a mammal the freedom to snack, mate, bully the neighbors, sleep and snack some more as the mood strikes and opportunities arise. A reptile, by comparison, must be perpetually attentive to prevailing winds, for if it eats too much right before a cold snap, its digestive enzymes could shut down prematurely and leave a partially undigested food bolus to putrefy and possibly kill the greedy gulper.

''The more stable your interior, the more independent a life you'll lead,'' said Richard Hill, an environmental physiologist at Michigan State University. As always, however, there is no such thing as a free lunch, and we mammals must pay for the convenience of homeothermy by eating many extra lunches. The primary way we keep our personal thermostats set to a steady 37 degrees Celsius is through the relentless combustion of calories. A mammal must consume at least 10 times as much food as a similarly sized reptile; and whereas a lizard or a turtle can transform a major portion of a meal into an increase in body mass or a fresh batch of eggs, a mammal can devote at least three-quarters of its intake to fueling its constant body temperature.

Our cellular inventory underscores this obsession with energy production: a mammalian cell is comparatively more endowed than is a reptilian cell with mitochondria, the little structures where food particles are pulverized into usable forms of cell fuel. In a sense, then, our thermal independence is like Henry Ford's notion that customers can buy a Model T in any color they choose, so long as it's black. Sure, a chipmunk is free to rustle around in the wintry wood, so long as it's out there rustling for food. Beyond our hearty appetite, our four-chambered heart lends homeothermy a hand, allowing blood en route back from the body's cooler extremities to be stirred and rewarmed before it reaches the all-critical core.

Mammals adapted to the cryonic conditions of polar life are particularly adept at micromanaging blood flow. The caribou, for example, responds to plunging temperatures by selectively constricting circulation to its legs, tail and earflaps, the better to minimize heat loss through the appendages and to focus thermal efforts on the vital organs within. A caribou's legs often feel lizardly cool to the touch, yet the monitoring of every body part is so exquisitely controlled that nothing ever gets critically cold, and reindeer, unlike us tropically descended humans, do not get frostbite. Still another icebreaker is shivering, the automatic, noncoordinated activation of muscle motions for the sole purpose of generating heat.

Small mammals like mice and woodchucks supplement meat-shaking with fat-baking. After a few days in the cold, they'll sprout specialized shoulder pads of so-called brown adipose tissue, which, unlike ordinary white fat, is crisscrossed with blood vessels and nerves and thus can be stimulated and chemically burned to make heat. Nor should we neglect that quintessentially mammalian trait, our hair, which, at the behest of tiny piloerector muscles at the base of each strand, can puff up to trap pockets of still air, one of the finest insulators known. Of course, we humans have lost our fur and are left out in the cold with nothing but goose bumps, driven to desperate acts like stealing the pelts or feathers of others, or sneaking into some cozy manhole when no one is around.

Paper For Above instruction

The above article by Natalie Angier provides an insightful exploration into mammalian thermoregulation, emphasizing the unique ability of mammals to maintain a stable internal body temperature irrespective of external environmental fluctuations. This characteristic, known as endothermy, has significantly contributed to mammalian evolutionary success across diverse habitats, from arid deserts to polar regions.

At the core of mammalian thermoregulation is the endogenous production of heat through metabolic processes, especially via cellular mitochondria. Unlike ectothermic reptiles, which rely heavily on external heat sources, mammals possess a complex physiological system that allows for internal heat generation and regulation. This adaptation enables mammals to be active in a wide range of environmental conditions, increasing their ecological niches and survival prospects. The article highlights how mammals, such as caribou, have evolved specialized blood flow mechanisms, like vasoconstriction, to conserve heat during extreme cold. Additionally, brown adipose tissue plays a crucial role in thermogenesis for small mammals in cold environments.

Furthermore, Angier discusses the energetic costs associated with maintaining homeothermy. Mammals require significantly more caloric intake compared to reptiles of similar size, as much of their energy consumption is dedicated to sustaining an internal, stable temperature. This metabolic demand is linked to the abundance and activity of mitochondria in mammalian cells, underscoring the biological investment in thermoregulation.

The article also touches on the evolutionary history of mammals, noting their rise following the extinction of dinosaurs and their subsequent diversification into various ecological niches. This historical perspective underscores how endothermy provided mammals with an adaptive advantage, allowing them to thrive in environments with fluctuating and often harsh temperatures.

In conclusion, Angier's article elegantly illustrates how the ability to generate and regulate internal heat has been a fundamental trait underpinning mammalian adaptability and success. It emphasizes the complex, energy-intensive biological systems that sustain homeothermy, and highlights the evolutionary importance of these adaptations in enabling mammals to colonize nearly every corner of the planet.

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