Addiction Treatment: A Strengths Perspective 4th Edition

Addiction Treatment A Strengths Perspective 4th Editionkatherine Va

Addiction Treatment: A Strengths Perspective 4th Edition Katherine van Wormer Diane Rae Davis Chapter 2 Historical Perspectives Early History Alcohol back to 5000 BC Iran Unknown to world’s indigenous people Koran --- condemned wine. Alcohol from Arabic al-kuhul. Iranian MD. discovered evaporated distilled spirits. Technology exceeded its grasp Great devastation from England, . Infant mortality, crime North America More beer than water on Mayflower.

Slaves forbidden to drink except on special occasions, taught binging. Puritan traditions. 18th – Quakers and Methodists disapproved of hard liquor. Temperance movement : Against hard liquor, not beer and wine. Temperance women considered alcohol the enemy of the family and it’s contribution to poverty and violence.

Movement led to women’s suffrage. Early 1900s Cocaine in Coke Tobacco outlawed for brief period. 1914 Harrison Act --- originating from fear of addiction and foreigners restricted opioids and cocaine. Must now be prescribed. Marijuana use (associated with Mexicans) led to Marijuana Tax Act and other harsh laws.

Teetotaler T=total abstinence, from Ireland. U.S. Prohibition Glamorized crime. Mafia/ Hollywood/Wash. DC link.

Homicide rates increased. Great Depression created need for jobs. Giancana, Double Cross Modern War on Drugs Johnson—war on poverty Nixon through the Bushes—war on drugs 1960’s heroin horror stories 1980’s, crack cocaine 2000’s, methamphetamine Attacks directed toward poor, minorities. History of Gambling in U.S. Lotteries American Revolution Banned after Civil War and during Prohibition.

1931—casino gambling legal in Nevada 1960’s—lotteries for state revenue 1972—first gambling treatment center at VA, Ohio 1987—Supreme Court banned state regulation of tribal casinos Mississippi River casinos Internet gambling popular today Themes of First Half of Chapter Dangers of potent alcohol, role of ethnic prejudice in shaping drug legislation, unintended consequences of prohibition. Example of happy Italian family enjoying wine with their meals. Modern War on Drugs, two-thirds of money for law enforcement. History of Addiction Treatment William White, Slaying the Dragon. Mistreatment of persons with mental illness and alcoholics in asylums.

Getting Better by Nan Robertson tells of Bill W. and Dr. Bob. Oxford Groups. Big Book. 2 million members in AA worldwide today.

Jellinek (The Disease Concept, 1960) – 5 types of alcoholism based on world travels: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon. Treatment History continued 1956 AMA declared alcoholism an illness, 1966, a disease. Harold Hughes –founded NIAAA. Hazelden adapted 12 Step approach. Box 2:1—“Treatment in Norway‗universal health care for support.

Peele and Fingarette: addiction as bad habits not disease. History of Harm Reduction AIDS in Netherlands spawned new approach, to reduce the harm. Britain, 1960s and later. Heroin prescribed. Needle exchanges-U.S.

Alan Marlatt, died in 2011, pioneer in spread of harm reduction approach to U.S., researcher at U. of Washington.

Paper For Above instruction

The historical perspectives on addiction treatment reveal a complex evolution shaped by cultural, medical, legislative, and social factors. From ancient times to modern society, understanding the history of addiction treatment provides valuable insights into current practices and the ongoing development of effective interventions. The progression of addiction recognition from moral weakness to a disease paradigm highlights how societal attitudes have shifted and influenced treatment approaches significantly.

In early history, alcohol's use dates back to 5000 BC in Iran, where it was initially unknown to indigenous peoples. Religious texts such as the Quran condemned wine, reflecting the cultural stance against intoxicants. The discovery of evaporated distilled spirits by Iranian physicians marked technological advances but also brought societal devastation, especially in England, illustrating how innovation sometimes led to adverse social effects including increased crime and infant mortality. In North America, alcohol was prevalent, exemplified by the claim that more beer than water was consumed on the Mayflower, and slaves were taught binge drinking. Puritan influence further stigmatized alcohol, although it was central to social and cultural rituals.

The 18th-century temperance movement emerged as a response against hard liquor, with women advocating for sobriety to protect family integrity, and it became intertwined with women’s suffrage efforts. The early 20th century saw legislative efforts such as the Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914, which aimed to control opioids and cocaine amid fears of addiction and immigrant associations, leading to restrictions requiring medical prescriptions. Similarly, marijuana laws targeted Mexican communities, leading to the Marijuana Tax Act. Prohibition in the United States from 1920 to 1933 glamorized organized crime and increased homicide rates, portraying alcohol as a societal evil that needed eradication.

Post-Prohibition, the focus shifted to treatment and medical recognition of addiction as a disease. The Chicago school of thought, exemplified by William White's "Slaying the Dragon," critiqued mistreatment of individuals with addiction and mental health issues, highlighting the need for compassionate treatment models. The 1960s marked a turning point when the American Medical Association declared alcoholism an illness, reflecting a shift toward viewing addiction as a disease rather than a moral failing. The 12-step approach, pioneered by Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), gained prominence and supported widespread recognition of addiction as a chronic disease requiring ongoing management.

The disease concept was further refined by E. M. Jellinek's research in 1960, categorizing alcoholism into five distinct types based on cultural and geographic variations, which influenced tailored treatment efforts. The resurgence of harm reduction strategies, sparked by the AIDS epidemic in the Netherlands and subsequently in Britain, represented a paradigm shift from abstinence-only approaches to interventions aimed at minimizing harm, such as needle exchange programs. These developments acknowledged addiction as a complex health issue influenced by social, psychological, and biological factors and emphasized pragmatic strategies to reduce adverse outcomes.

Modern addictions treatment continues to evolve, incorporating insights from neuroscience, pharmacology, and public health. Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) for opioid use disorders, such as methadone and buprenorphine, exemplifies this integrated approach. The growing acceptance of harm reduction techniques and the recognition of addiction as a manageable chronic condition reflect an ongoing paradigm shift from punitive measures to supportive, evidence-based care. Understanding the history of addiction treatment underscores the importance of adapting and refining interventions to meet emerging needs and address social inequalities.

In conclusion, the history of addiction treatment demonstrates a journey from moral and religious condemnation to a nuanced understanding of addiction as a medical condition. Legislative efforts, social movements, and advances in medical science have played integral roles in shaping current practices. Recognizing past mistakes, such as the failures of prohibition and overly punitive policies, informs contemporary strategies emphasizing harm reduction, compassion, and evidence-based care. Continued research and advocacy are essential to develop more effective and equitable treatment options for individuals suffering from addiction.

References

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