Alrabah Rashed Alrabah Susana Marcelo English 113a12 Novembe

Alrabah1rashed Alrabahsusana Marceloenglish 113a12 November 2014alrab

Alrabah1rashed Alrabahsusana Marceloenglish 113a12 November 2014alrab

AlRabah1 Rashed AlRabah Susana Marcelo English 113A 12 November, 2014 AlRabah2 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON NICARAGUAN CIVIL WAR Anderson, Thomas P. Politics in Central America: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua. New York: Praeger, 1988. Anderson, Thomas P in his article states that, the time Sacasa came from deport in Mexican country and, with support of Mexicans, he did establish an adversary freethinking regime on east coast of Nicaragua's. This period civil war cropped among freethinking rebels ruled by General Moncada in the year and the rule lead by Diaz, who made a request and acknowledged armed forces support from the US. He goes on to say that in 1927, United States wars-hips came and landed some two thousand material and Marines. Annoyed at the United State populace’s intrusion in their dealings, Sandino connected the conflict, appealing in revolutionary proceedings in opposition to the white foreigners (gringos). Conrad, Robert Edgar (Ed.). Sandino: The Testimony of a Nicaraguan Patriot, . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1990. This article by Edgar talks about the time when the aggression resumed, though, at the time previous subordinate leader Sacasa came from expel to declare his civil rights to the government. He states that it was on year 1927 April, when the US permitted Stimson Henry to arbitrate the civil war. It was once in the said state, Stimson started dialogue with Dàaz the President also with influential’s from individual opinionated parties. His dialogue with the General Moncada, the head of the freethinking rebels, led to a diplomatic answer of the catastrophe. In adding up, an unbiased armed forces force might be time-honored under US control. Bermann, Karl. Under the Big Stick: Nicaragua and the United States since 1848. Boston: South End Press, 1986. This journal indicates that subsequent to US army went out of Nicaragua in 1933 on January, the Sacasa regime and the state sentinel motionless were endangered by EDSN Sandino's. Factual to his guarantee to discontinue hostility subsequent to US army had gone from the kingdom, Sandino decided to deliberations concerning Sacasa. Still in 1934 Feb, these discussions begin. Throughout their dialogues, Sacasa presented Sandino a universal official pardon as sound as safeguards and terra firma for him and his revolutionary services. On the other hand, he, who regarded the general sentinel as unauthorized since of its holds to the US forces, pleaded on the guard's disbands. Blachman, Morris J., William LeoGrande, and Kenneth E. Sharpe (Eds.). Confronting Revolution: Security Through Diplomacy in Central America. New York: Pantheon, 1986. Morris in his article stated that a revolutionary freethinking set under the control of Sandino César Augusto as well did not agree to mark the Negro Espino Pact. ON the same time unlawful young man of a rich property-owner and a servant, he had been missing from his dad's residence in the early hours in his childhood and went to Guatemala, Mexico, and Honduras. Throughout his three year hang about in Mexico, Tampico, he had built a well-built intelligence of the state in question patriotism and conceit in his own legacy. This know-how assisted him to start the rebel groups in war time. Booth, John A. "Celebrating the Demise of Somocismo: Fifty Recent Sources on the Nicaraguan Revolution," Latin American Research Review, 17, No. 1, 1982, 173-89. Booth in his Latin American Research Review books said that in the belatedly 1920s and near the beginning 1930s perceived the increasing authority of Somoza Garcàa Tacho Anastasio, a head who was form a family that lined Nicaragua for 4 1/2 decades. He did win the year 1928 presidential voting in one of the nearly all-sincere elections constantly apprehended in Nicaragua. It indicated that the elections in1932, the designated Sacasa Bautista being liberals and the conservatives, Sacasa Dàz did win the voting process and was named as head on 1933Jan the 2nd. In the United States, popular opposition to the Nicaraguan intervention rose as United States casualty lists grew. Nervous to depart the Nicaraguans political affairs, the US twisted above authority of the state sentinel to the Nicaraguan regime, and US forces went out of the state almost immediately from then on and the war was over. Work Cited: Leslie E. Anderson; Lawrence C. Dodd. Learning Democracy: Citizen Engagement and Electoral Choice in Nicaragua, . University of Chicago Press. 2005. 336pp. Florence E. Babb. After Revolution: Mapping Gender and Cultural Politics in Neoliberal Nicaragua. University of Texas Press. 2001. 304pp. Luciano Baracco. Nicaragua: The Imagining of a Nation: From Nineteenth-Century Liberals to Twentieth-century Sandinistas. Algora Publishing. 2005. 177pp. Alan Benjamin. Nicaragua: Dynamics of an Unfinished Revolution. San Francisco: Walnut Publishing Co.. 1989. 176pp. Karl Bermann. Under the Big Stick: Nicaragua and the United States Since 1848. South End Press. 1986. 339pp. George Black. Triumph of the People: The Sandinista Revolution in Nicaragua. Zed Press. 1981. 368pp. Timothy C. Brown. The Real Contra War: Highlander Peasant Resistance in Nicaragua. University of Oklahoma Press. 2001. 321pp. E. Bradford Burns. Patriarch and Folk: The Emergence of Nicaragua, . Harvard University Press. 1991. 307pp. AlRabah1 Rashed AlRabah Susana Marcelo English 113A 17 November, 2014 AlRabah2 Nicaraguan Civil War The Nicaraguan civil war was a traumatizing experience both to the Citizens and the international world especially the United States of America. The war reminded people of the previous experience in the 1912 civil war. The war involved the US supported conservatives against the Mexico supported Liberals. Each party was seeking power with one faction agitating for respect to the constitutionality while the other faction is fighting to protect the interest of the United States implemented by the Somoza dynasty. This paper looks at the history or background of the war, the causes well as the aftermath of the war. The Nicaraguan Civil war was a one-year affair beginning in 1962 and ended in 1927. The war came as a result of e coup d’état by Emiliano Chamorro a member of the Conservative party and former President of Nicaragua. According to the article “Sandino: The Testimony of a Nicaraguan Patriot†by Conrad, Robert Edgar, the author opines that Chamorro’s move was informed by his desire to take control of the nations. Chamorro would later force the then President and Vice president, Carols Solà³rzano and Juan Sacasa respectively to flee Nicaragua. Additionally, Chamorro got rid of all the Liberals in his government with hope that the United States would support him. However, the US government did not approve of his regime on grounds that he acquired power through the backdoor thus unconstitutional. I agree with Thomas’ position about the war when he says that the war ensued after the liberals who were yearning for power were enticed with support by the US armed forces. Although the war was started as a result of the coup by Chamorro, (Morris et al, 1986) argues that advent of the war was the hardline stance by the Liberals under the control of Sandino Cesar. He did not subscribe to the leadership influenced by the United States. The Liberals were against the US interference with the local affairs in their country through their continued funding of the Conservative regimes. This line of thought is supported by another article, "Celebrating the Demise of Solecism: Fifty Recent Sources on the Nicaraguan Revolution," by Booth (1982). The author indicated that the designated Sacasa Bautista supported liberals and the conservatives; Sacasa Diaz did win the voting process or election and was named as head on 1933Jan the 2nd.They add that in the United States, there was growing concern over the situation in Nicaragua. Although the Liberals opposed the invention of the US Marine’s in their political affairs, it is the latter that initiated the peace deal or the Peace of Tipitapa that in turn put an end to the war. It was after both eh Liberals and Conservatives handed in their ammunition of (31 machine guns and 3,704 rifles) and (308 machine guns and 10,445 rifles) respectively. The peace deal allowed Moncada to retain power until the next election that was to be supervised by the US. The peace deal resulted in Sandino branding Moncada a traitor. Works Cited Anderson, Thomas P. Politics in Central America: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua. New York: Praeger, 1988 Blachman, Morris J., William LeoGrande, and Kenneth E. Sharpe (Eds.). Confronting Revolution: Security Through Diplomacy in Central America. New York: Pantheon, 1986. Booth, John A. "Celebrating the Demise of Somocismo: Fifty Recent Sources on the Nicaraguan Revolution," Latin American Research Review, 17, No. 1, 1982, 173-89. Conrad, Robert Edgar (Ed.). Sandino: The Testimony of a Nicaraguan Patriot, . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1990.

Paper For Above instruction

The Nicaraguan Civil War: Causes, Progression, and Consequences

The Nicaraguan civil war, spanning from 1927 to 1979, was a violent conflict rooted deeply in political, social, and foreign influences that have shaped the nation's history. Understanding this war necessitates an examination of its causes, progressing phases, key figures, and its profound impact on Nicaragua and the broader Central American region. As a manifestation of internal power struggles intertwined with foreign intervention, the civil war reflects the deep-seated divisions and external influences that have historically destabilized Nicaragua.

**The genesis of the Nicaraguan civil war can be traced back to the political upheaval caused by the 1926 coup d’état led by Emiliano Chamorro, a conservative leader aiming to regain control of the nation's government. Chamorro's rise to power was perceived as illegitimate by liberals, who sought to uphold constitutional processes and resist conservative dominance. This initial conflict escalated as different factions aligned with either the conservative or liberal ideologies, often with foreign backing, primarily from the United States and Mexico. The intervention of the United States was particularly notable, reflecting broader American interests in Central American stability and influence. The U.S. supported conservative regimes and military interventions, aiming to protect commerce and strategic interests in the region.

The period leading up to the civil war was characterized by political unrest and violence, exemplified by the actions of key figures such as General Augusto César Sandino, who emerged as a symbol of resistance against U.S. military intervention and conservative regimes. Sandino's guerrilla warfare against U.S. Marines and conservative authorities epitomized nationalist opposition and became a rallying point for liberal and anti-imperialist sentiments. His opposition was fueled by beliefs in sovereignty and opposition to foreign influence, which resonated among many Nicaraguans frustrated with foreign domination.

The progression of the civil war involved multiple phases, including intense guerrilla warfare, political negotiations, and international diplomacy. During this period, various leaders, such as Sacasa Bautista, represented liberal interests and sought alliances to oppose conservative and U.S. supported factions. Ideologically, the conflict was sharply divided: conservatives aimed to maintain traditional hierarchical structures and favorable relations with foreign powers, while liberals pushed for constitutional reforms and national sovereignty. Efforts to broker peace, such as the Peace of Tipitapa, demonstrated attempts at reconciliation, but underlying tensions persisted, with key figures like Sandino branding leaders such as Moncada as traitors for their perceived betrayal of nationalist principles.

The aftermath of the civil war had lasting impacts on Nicaragua. The political landscape was reshaped by the rise and fall of various regimes, leading up to the Sandinista revolution of 1979. The post-war period highlighted the enduring influence of foreign powers and internal divisions, which continued to destabilize the nation. The conflict also catalyzed social and economic upheavals, affecting land distribution, literacy, and economic development. The legacy of this war underscores the importance of sovereignty, national unity, and the dangers of external interference.

In conclusion, the Nicaraguan civil war was a complex and multifaceted conflict driven by internal political struggles and external influences, particularly from the United States. Its consequences reverberated through subsequent decades, shaping Nicaragua's political trajectory and regional stability. Analyzing this war reveals insights into the broader dynamics of Latin American history, where foreign interests often conflicted with national sovereignty, and internal factions navigated the delicate balance between tradition and reform.

References

• Anderson, Thomas P. Politics in Central America: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Praeger, 1988.
• Blachman, Morris J., William LeoGrande, and Kenneth E. Sharpe (Eds.). Confronting Revolution: Security Through Diplomacy in Central America. Pantheon, 1986.
• Booth, John A. "Celebrating the Demise of Somocismo: Fifty Recent Sources on the Nicaraguan Revolution," Latin American Research Review, 17(1), 1982, pp. 173-189.
• Conrad, Robert Edgar (Ed.). Sandino: The Testimony of a Nicaraguan Patriot. Princeton University Press, 1990.
• Bermann, Karl. Under the Big Stick: Nicaragua and the United States since 1848. South End Press, 1986.
• Black, George. Triumph of the People: The Sandinista Revolution in Nicaragua. Zed Press, 1981.
• Brown, Timothy C. The Real Contra War: Highlander Peasant Resistance in Nicaragua. University of Oklahoma Press, 2001.
• Burns, E. Bradford. Patriarch and Folk: The Emergence of Nicaragua. Harvard University Press, 1991.
• Anderson, Leslie E., and Lawrence C. Dodd. Learning Democracy: Citizen Engagement and Electoral Choice in Nicaragua. University of Chicago Press, 2005.
• Baracco, Luciano. Nicaragua: The Imagining of a Nation: From Nineteenth-Century Liberals to Twentieth-century Sandinistas. Algora Publishing, 2005.