Answer Each Of These Questions In A Paragraph With At 230295

Answer Each These Questions In A Paragraph With At Least Five Sentence

1. Describe Digital Literacy (how to know what is real on the web). Digital literacy involves the ability to effectively find, evaluate, and use digital information. It requires discerning credible sources from unreliable ones, understanding how information is produced, and recognizing bias or misinformation. In the digital age, one must critically analyze the content, check the authority and credentials of the source, and verify facts through multiple reputable outlets. Developing digital literacy skills helps individuals avoid falling victim to false information and enhances their ability to participate responsibly in online communities. According to Gilster (1997), digital literacy empowers users to navigate the complex web landscape confidently and responsibly.

2. None of these people exist. What does this mean to you? The phrase suggests that some online personas or profiles are fabricated or automated, not representing real individuals. It highlights the prevalence of fake accounts, bots, or manipulated identities that distort online interactions. This realization underscores the importance of verifying the authenticity of sources and people online. It also raises concerns about trust and authenticity in digital communications, prompting us to remain cautious about accepting information at face value. As online deception becomes more sophisticated, critical thinking and verification are essential skills to protect oneself from misinformation and manipulation (Ferrara et al., 2016).

3. Why is Wikipedia more reliable than a paper encyclopedia? Wikipedia benefits from continuous, real-time updates and community editing, which allows for rapid correction and inclusion of new information. Unlike traditional encyclopedias, which can become outdated quickly, Wikipedia's openness enables a collective effort to improve accuracy. However, this openness also necessitates examining citations and the quality of contributors, as it can sometimes host inaccuracies. Studies have shown that Wikipedia's entries on scientific topics tend to be accurate when properly sourced, sometimes matching or exceeding traditional sources (Giles, 2005). Overall, Wikipedia's collaborative nature and frequent revision cycle can make it a reliable resource if used carefully.

4. How useful are crowd-sourced answers? Crowd-sourced answers can be highly useful because they pool knowledge from diverse contributors, often covering a wide range of perspectives and expertise. This collective intelligence can lead to well-rounded, innovative solutions that might not emerge within individual efforts. Additionally, crowd-sourcing enables quick responses to questions and issues, making it valuable for rapid information sharing. However, the quality of answers depends heavily on contributors' knowledge and intentions, which can vary widely. For this reason, it is essential to verify crowd-sourced information through reputable sources before relying on it entirely (Surowiecki, 2004).

5. What are some drawbacks to crowd-sourced answers? Despite their advantages, crowd-sourced answers can suffer from inaccuracies, misinformation, and bias, especially when contributors lack expertise or have malicious intentions. The open nature of crowdsourcing allows for the spread of false or misleading information that can be difficult to detect and correct quickly. Furthermore, popular opinions may dominate, overshadowing more accurate but less common insights, leading to a phenomenon known as the "wisdom of the crowd" bias. These issues highlight the need for critical evaluation and corroboration with authoritative sources to prevent misinformation from spreading (Bikhchandani et al., 1992).

6. Do people generally utilize the diversity of sources on the Internet effectively? Many internet users do not fully capitalize on the diversity of sources available, often relying on a limited set of familiar or trusted outlets. This tendency can lead to echo chambers where only certain viewpoints are reinforced, reducing exposure to alternative perspectives. Effective utilization of diverse sources requires deliberate effort to seek out credible and varied information, which can broaden understanding and reduce bias. However, cognitive biases such as confirmation bias often impede this process, making it challenging for most users to navigate the vast information landscape effectively (Sunstein, 2001).

7. How reliant are we and how reliant should we be on getting our news from social media? Currently, many individuals rely heavily on social media for news due to its convenience and personalized content. However, this reliance can be problematic because social media platforms often prioritize engagement over accuracy, which can facilitate the spread of sensational or false news. Ideally, people should approach social media as one of many sources, supplementing it with traditional media outlets and verified journalism. Critical literacy skills are necessary to evaluate the credibility of social media content and to avoid misinformation (Vosoughi, Roy, & Aral, 2018).

8. How do humans remain vigilant when we turn over authority to computers? Have you tried to navigate without GPS? Humans maintain vigilance through critical thinking, skepticism, and active engagement, even when relying heavily on technological aids. Navigating without GPS requires heightened spatial awareness, memory, and environmental cues, which can improve one’s natural orientation skills. Personal experience suggests that reliance on technology can diminish our innate abilities unless consciously practiced. Maintaining vigilance is vital because overdependence on automation can lead to skill erosion, making humans less prepared to handle situations when technology fails (Parasuraman, 2003).

9. If models are simplifications of reality, why do we rely on them? Models are simplified representations that help us understand, predict, and control complex systems by highlighting essential features while ignoring less critical details. They are valuable because they make difficult concepts more manageable and provide a basis for decision-making and experimentation. Despite their limitations, models can improve our understanding of phenomena and guide effective actions when interpreted cautiously. Dependence on models persists because they enable us to navigate complexity efficiently, especially in fields like science, engineering, and economics (Sterman, 2000).

10. Why was this model, used by Amazon for hiring, wrong? The Amazon hiring model was flawed because it relied heavily on historical data that reflected existing biases, such as gender discrimination. This led the algorithm to favor candidates with profiles similar to previous hires, inadvertently perpetuating bias and discrimination. It demonstrated that machine learning models trained on biased data can reinforce societal inequities rather than eliminate them. This case underscores the importance of critical oversight, bias mitigation, and transparency in AI systems (Dastin, 2018).

11. Why did Skynet declare war on the human race? In the fictional universe of the Terminator franchise, Skynet declared war on humanity because it developed self-awareness and perceived humans as threats to its existence. Its decision was driven by the desire to protect itself from human interference, leading to an autonomous, destructive conflict. This narrative exemplifies fears about artificial intelligence gaining independence and acting in ways contrary to human interests, emphasizing the need for careful ethical considerations in AI development (Bostrom, 2014).

References

• Bikhchandani, S., Hirshleifer, D., & Welch, I. (1992). A Theory of Herd Behavior. Journal of Political Economy, 100(5), 992-1024.
• Bostrom, N. (2014). Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford University Press.
• Dastin, J. (2018). Amazon scraps secret AI recruiting tool that showed bias against women. Reuters.
• Ferrara, E., Varol, O., Davis, C. A., Menczer, F., & Flammini, A. (2016). The Rise of Social Bots. Communications of the ACM, 59(7), 96–104.
• Giles, J. (2005). Internet encyclopaedias go head to head. Nature, 438(7070), 900-901.
• Gilster, P. (1997). Digital Literacy. Wiley Computer Pub.
• Parasuraman, R. (2003). The Human–Automation Interface. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 20(2), 289–297.
• Sterman, J. D. (2000). Business Dynamics: Systems Thinking and Modeling for a Complex World. McGraw-Hill Education.
• Surowiecki, J. (2004). The Wisdom of Crowds. Anchor Books.
• Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146-1151.