Answer Three Questions On Three Pages And Cite From The Bell

Answer Three Questions In Three Pages And Cite From the Bellowing Rea

Answer three questions in three pages, and cite from the bellowing readings. 1. What is the linkage between National identity in Asia and the West? 2. How do you evaluate the role of the West in late 19th and early 20th Century Asia? 3. Is it positive or negative in this early period? John Dower, “Structures and Ideologies of Conquest” in MacKinnon, Lary, and Vogel, eds. China at War: Regions of China, (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press) 2007, 17-21 Diana Lary, The Chinese People at War: Human Suffering and Social Transformation, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2010), 1-14 “The Revolutionary Movement” in Keith Schoppa, ed. Twentieth Century China: A History in Documents (New York: Oxford University Press) 2011, 20-26 “Ethnicity and Modernity in the 1911 Revolution “in Henrietta Harrison China: Inventing the Nation (London: Arnold) 2001, “Saigo Takamori and the Samurai Spirit” and “Okubo Toshimichi and the Korean Question” in Source of Japanese Tradition , vol. 2 (New York: Columbia University Press), - Discourse of Three Drunkards first half Lu Xun, “A Madman’s Diary” in The Columbia Anthology of Modern Chinese Literature (New York: Columbia University Press 1995), 8-15 “Spirit of the May Fourth Movement” in Patricia Ebrey, ed. Chinese Civilization, A Sourcebook (New York: Free Press) 1993, “Politics of Power: General von Falkenhausen’s Advice to Chiang Kaishek, 1936” in Cheng, Lestz, Spence, eds. Search for Modern China: A Documentary Collection (New York: Norton) 1999, * “Chiang Kai-shek – The People’s Choice?” In Theodore White and Annalee Jacoby, Thunder Out of China (New York: William Sloane Associates) 1946, -“Chapter 3, The Military: Authoritarian and Irrational” in Ienaga Saburo, The Pacific War (New York: Pantheon Books) 1978 -“Japan on the Mukden Incident” in the Search for Modern China: A Documentary Collection, - “Japan’s Expansion: A satirical poem”, “Japan defended at the Chamber of Commerce” in Search for Modern China: A Documentary Collection , - “East Asian Federation”, “The Spiritual Basis of Asian Revolution and Unity,” “Japan as Economic Leader of Asia” in Japan’s Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in World War II: Selected Documents (New York: Oxford University Press) 1975, 3-8, 36-40, 48-54 - “First Encounters” in Hilda Kang, ed. Under the Black Umbrella: Voices from Colonial Korea, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press) 2001, 6-14 - “Shouts of Independence” in Under the Black Umbrella, 17-23 - Louise Young, “Imagined Empire: The Cultural Construction of Manchukuo” in The Japanese Wartime Empire: (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press) 1996, 71-96

Paper For Above instruction

The relationship between national identity in Asia and the West is a complex and multifaceted subject that spans historical, cultural, and political dimensions. The interaction has often been characterized by a dynamic oscillation between influence and resistance, where Western imperialism and modernization efforts prompted Asian nations to forge distinct national identities rooted in their historical traditions, cultural sovereignty, and political independence. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Asian nations faced the challenge of integrating Western ideas of modernity while striving to maintain their unique cultural identities. This period, marked by colonial domination, military conflicts, and revolutionary movements, significantly shaped Asian perceptions of self and Other, often leading to a reinforced sense of national consciousness as a counter to Western hegemony (Dower, 2007).

The linkage between Asian national identity and the West can also be examined through the lens of cultural exchange and ideological confrontation. Asian intellectuals and leaders sought to define their nations in terms distinct from Western paradigms, emphasizing indigenous values, religious traditions, and social customs as a basis for national sovereignty. For example, the Meiji Restoration in Japan exemplifies this process, where the government adopted Western technology and political structures while projecting a uniquely Japanese identity rooted in samurai ethics and Confucian values (Source of Japanese Tradition, 2001). Similarly, China's response to Western pressure involved both adaptation—such as the Self-Strengthening Movement—and resistance, manifesting in revolutionary ideologies that aimed to restore Chinese cultural and political independence (Lary, 2010).

Evaluating the role of the West in late 19th and early 20th century Asia reveals a dualistic influence. On one hand, Western imperialism and technological advances facilitated modernization, which was necessary for Asian nations to counterbalance Western military and economic pressures. The introduction of railways, telegraphs, and industrial techniques contributed to economic growth and improved governance (Schoppa, 2011). On the other hand, Western domination often entailed exploitative policies, cultural denigration, and political suppression, which fostered nationalist resistance and revolutionary movements. The Boxer Rebellion, for example, was a violent response to Western encroachments and aimed to defend Chinese sovereignty (Harrison, 2001).

The early period of engagement with the West can be viewed as both positive and negative, depending on perspective. From a developmental standpoint, Western influence accelerated modernization processes that contributed to social transformation and the emergence of new political ideologies. Yet, from a cultural and political sovereignty perspective, Western intervention frequently undermined local traditions and sovereignty, leading to conflicts and social upheavals (Lary, 2010). The May Fourth Movement exemplifies this tension, as Chinese intellectuals rejected traditional Confucian values in favor of new political ideas inspired by Western democracies and socialism, emphasizing the importance of national independence (Ebrey, 1993).

The role of the West in shaping Asian national identities and political developments during this period remains a subject of debate among scholars. Some argue that Western influence was a catalyst for progress and unity, as it provided tools and ideas necessary for nation-building and modernization. Others contend that Western imperialism and cultural imperialism contributed to deep-seated resentment, social fragmentation, and resistance movements that ultimately shaped Asian modern national identities in a manner hostile to Western dominance (Young, 1996).

In conclusion, the linkage between Asian national identity and the West is characterized by tension, adaptation, and resistance. The West played a pivotal role in modernizing Asia but often at the expense of sovereignty and cultural integrity. Whether this influence was ultimately positive or negative depends on the perspective and specific context, but it undeniably set the stage for the complex, ongoing relationship between Asia and Western powers. The historical developments of this period continue to influence contemporary Asian-Western relations, highlighting the enduring importance of understanding this complex interplay (Dower, 2007; Lary, 2010; Schoppa, 2011).

References

• Dower, J. (2007). Structures and Ideologies of Conquest. In L. MacKinnon, Lary, & Vogel (Eds.), China at War: Regions of China (pp. 17-21). Stanford University Press.
• Lary, D. (2010). The Chinese People at War: Human Suffering and Social Transformation. Cambridge University Press.
• Schoppa, K. (2011). The Revolutionary Movement. In Twentieth Century China: A History in Documents (pp. 20-26). Oxford University Press.
• Harrison, H. (2001). Ethnicity and Modernity in the 1911 Revolution. In China: Inventing the Nation. Arnold.
• Source of Japanese Tradition, vol. 2. (n.d.). Columbia University Press.
• Lu, X. (1995). A Madman's Diary. In The Columbia Anthology of Modern Chinese Literature. Columbia University Press.
• Ebrey, P. (1993). Spirit of the May Fourth Movement. In Chinese Civilization: A Sourcebook. Free Press.
• Cheng, L. et al. (1999). Politics of Power: General von Falkenhausen’s Advice to Chiang Kaishek, 1936. In Search for Modern China: A Documentary Collection. Norton.
• White, T., & Jacoby, A. (1946). Chiang Kai-shek – The People’s Choice? In Thunder Out of China. William Sloane Associates.
• Ienaga, S. (1978). Chapter 3, The Military: Authoritarian and Irrational. In The Pacific War. Pantheon Books.
• Young, L. (1996). Imagined Empire: The Cultural Construction of Manchukuo. In The Japanese Wartime Empire. Princeton University Press.