Apa Format: 300 Words Minimum Answer These Questions What Ty
Apa Format 300 Words Minimumanswer These Question What Type Of Micro
What type of microbe it is
What disease does it cause
Where and when it was discovered
The signs and symptoms of disease, transmission, course of the disease, virulence factors, laboratory diagnosis, treatments, prevention, and sequelae
Paper For Above instruction
The microbe selected for this analysis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a pathogenic bacterial species responsible for tuberculosis (TB). Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an acid-fast bacillus classified within the genus Mycobacterium, characterized by their waxy cell wall rich in mycolic acids, which confers resistance to certain chemicals and drying conditions (Madigan et al., 2018). This microbe is a significant pathogen due to its ability to infect numerous hosts through airborne transmission and establish chronic infections.
The disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is tuberculosis, primarily affecting the lungs (pulmonary TB) but capable of involving other organs such as the lymph nodes, kidneys, bones, and brain. Historically, TB has been a scourge for thousands of years, with evidence of its presence dating back to ancient Egypt and China. The discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent was made by Robert Koch in 1882, a milestone that revolutionized microbiology and infectious disease medicine. This discovery was pivotal because it established the microbial basis of TB, enabling targeted interventions (Koch, 1882).
The signs and symptoms of active pulmonary TB include persistent cough lasting more than three weeks, hemoptysis, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Transmission occurs via inhalation of aerosolized droplets expelled when an infected individual coughs or sneezes. The disease course can vary from latent infection, where the microbe persists without symptoms, to active disease, which can be fatal if untreated. Virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis include factors that inhibit phagosome-lysosome fusion, resist oxidative killing, and manipulate host immune responses, such as the production of the cell wall glycolipids and secretion systems that modulate immune cell activity (Russell & Flynn, 2011).
Laboratory diagnosis predominantly involves sputum smear microscopy, culture on Lowenstein-Jensen medium, and molecular tests such as the GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay to detect bacterial DNA and resistance. Treatment typically requires a prolonged course of multiple antibiotics, including isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. The emergence of drug-resistant strains poses a significant challenge to control efforts (WHO, 2020). Prevention strategies include BCG vaccination, improved ventilation, and prompt diagnosis and treatment of infectious cases. Without treatment, TB can cause irreversible lung damage, dissemination leading to miliary TB, and death (Nachega et al., 2019).
References
- Koch, R. (1882). Investigations on the etiology of tuberculosis. Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift, 19, 221.
- Madigan, M. T., Bender, K. S., Buckley, D. H., et al. (2018). Microbiology: A Systems Approach (6th ed.). Pearson.
- Russell, D. G., & Flynn, J. L. (2011). Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the immune response. Microbiology Spectrum, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.MGM2-0017-2013
- World Health Organization. (2020). Global tuberculosis report 2020. WHO.
- Nachega, J. B., et al. (2019). Treatment Outcomes for Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 19(12), 1249-1266.