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Describe groups that might have an interest in new research findings and their expectations from the changes. What are their likely reactions to new research? Compare and contrast the growth and developmental patterns of two toddlers of different ages using Gordon’s functional health patterns. Describe the findings after applying the components of Gordon’s functional health patterns as it applies to toddlers. Describe the purpose of the literature review, topics to search for, and challenges faced by nurses when doing a literature review related to administration errors of intravenous antibiotics in geriatric patients. Discuss your workplace nursing issue regarding this topic, and conclude with the purpose of the PICOT question. Describe the purpose of the literature review, topics to search for, and challenges faced by nurses related to falls in patients with medical equipment/support. Discuss your workplace nursing issue regarding falls, and conclude with the purpose of the PICOT question. Explain the role of the ACA in addressing workforce shortages in rural communities, referencing Mason et al. (2021). Describe the surrogate role as defined by Peplau for current nursing practice, and its relevance today. Discuss characteristics of the surrogate role according to Peplau, and practice expectations. Provide strategies for nurses to ensure policy change for advanced practice registered nurses, and aspects of the ACA addressing workforce shortages in rural areas.

Paper For Above instruction

The integration of new, groundbreaking research findings in clinical practice often triggers a spectrum of reactions among various interest groups, including healthcare providers, patients, policymakers, and research institutions. These groups anticipate that such findings will enhance patient outcomes, improve safety, and streamline care processes. Healthcare providers, especially clinicians, expect that new research will inform and refine their clinical decisions, leading to more evidence-based practices that can be effectively incorporated into routine care (Mason et al., 2021). Patients and advocacy organizations look forward to advancements that can reduce adverse events, such as medication errors or falls, thereby increasing safety and quality of life. Policymakers are interested in research that supports regulatory changes and resource allocation to optimize public health outcomes.

These interest groups tend to react variably to new research, based on their objectives and the perceived impact on their roles or populations they serve. Healthcare professionals might exhibit enthusiasm, skepticism, or resistance depending on how the findings challenge existing protocols or require additional training (Thompson & McDonald, 2020). Patients may be optimistic about improved health outcomes but wary of changes that could complicate access or disrupt personalized care. Policymakers could either support rapid implementation of new evidence to address pressing issues like hospital-acquired infections or hesitate due to costs and operational challenges (Baker et al., 2019). Overall, effective communication of research findings and involving stakeholders in implementation strategies are critical for fostering positive reactions and successful adoption.

Using Gordon’s functional health patterns, the growth and development of two toddlers at different ages can be systematically compared. For example, a 12-month-old toddler and a 24-month-old toddler demonstrate different stages in activity, sleep, nutrition, and cognitive development. The 12-month-old may focus on basic physiological needs, such as feeding and sleep patterns, with emerging mobility and communication skills. Conversely, the 24-month-old exhibits more complex behaviors, including improved language skills, independence in activities, and social interactions (Gordon, 2016). These developmental differences are reflected in their physical growth, motor skills, and cognitive abilities, aligning with Gordon’s patterns of developmental and activity-perception health.

Applying Gordon’s functional health patterns to toddlers reveals significant findings. For instance, the pattern of activity and exercise would show increased motor skills at 24 months compared to 12 months. The nutrition pattern would reflect the shift from dependency on breastfeeding or formula to more varied solid foods. Communication and cognitive patterns would also indicate progress from simple vocalization to more complex language use (Gordon, 2016). Recognizing these patterns helps nurses assess developmental milestones effectively and tailor health interventions accordingly. It also provides a framework for identifying delays or issues that may require early intervention to promote optimal growth and health in pediatric populations.

The purpose of the literature review in the context of intravenous antibiotic administration errors in geriatric patients is to synthesize current evidence on the causes, prevalence, and prevention strategies related to nursing practices impacting medication safety. It aims to identify gaps in existing knowledge and inform the development of targeted interventions that can reduce errors. This review also seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of educational programs and protocols implemented to enhance nurses’ competence in administering antibiotics safely to older adults (Johnson & Lee, 2020). By systematically examining the literature, researchers can provide a comprehensive overview that supports evidence-based practices and policy recommendations in clinical settings.

The topics to be explored in the literature search include causes of administration errors, impact on patient safety, educational interventions for nurses, and systemic challenges such as staffing or workload issues. Additional focus will be placed on geriatric pharmacology, communication barriers, and the role of healthcare systems in error prevention. Understanding these themes can inform strategies for reducing medication errors and improving patient outcomes in geriatric care (Smith et al., 2021). This focused exploration assists in constructing a nuanced understanding of the multifactorial nature of medication errors and potential methods for mitigation.

Nurses face numerous challenges when conducting literature reviews, including access to current, high-quality research, time constraints, and information overload. Finding peer-reviewed, recent articles that are relevant to specific clinical questions requires critical appraisal skills and familiarity with research databases (Brown & Green, 2020). Furthermore, balancing comprehensive searches with practical limitations often results in the exclusion of valuable sources or incomplete syntheses. The complexity of healthcare topics, especially those involving systemic or multifactorial issues like medication errors, adds another layer of difficulty in interpreting findings and translating them into practice changes (Miller et al., 2022). Overcoming these barriers necessitates ongoing education and institutional support to foster effective evidence appraisal and utilization.

At my workplace, the nursing issue concerning intravenous antibiotic errors in geriatric patients reflects a broader problem of patient safety related to medication administration. These errors often stem from factors such as inadequate training, communication lapses, and systemic deficiencies. As a nurse, witnessing preventable adverse events underlines the urgent need for targeted educational interventions and process improvements. Addressing these issues through evidence-based strategies can significantly enhance safety and care quality for this vulnerable population (Taylor & Adams, 2021). Implementing continuous education on antibiotic safety, promoting adherence to protocols, and fostering a culture of safety are critical steps in addressing this problem.

The purpose of the PICOT question is to evaluate whether a structured prevention education program for nurses can effectively reduce intravenous antibiotic administration errors in geriatric patients within a 12-week timeframe. This inquiry aims to establish evidence for the potential impact of targeted training on enhancing nursing practices and patient safety. It provides a focused framework to guide research and clinical interventions, ultimately aiming to improve outcomes through knowledge dissemination and behavioral change (Williams et al., 2019). Clarifying this purpose guides the development of strategies to address systemic barriers and foster sustainable improvements in medication safety.

Similarly, in the context of falls among patients with medical equipment or support, a literature review serves to identify current evidence about the causes, extent, and prevention of such incidents. The review aims to gather information on effective fall prevention strategies, including nurse-led interventions, equipment management, and patient education (Lee & Kim, 2021). Understanding these factors helps establish evidence-based guidelines to minimize fall risks and improve safety in healthcare settings. Identifying gaps in existing research can also inform new studies to address persistent challenges.

Nurses face challenges in reviewing literature related to falls, such as difficulty accessing recent studies, variability in research quality, and rapidly evolving evidence. They must critically appraise complex data to determine applicability in specific clinical environments. Moreover, integrating findings from diverse study designs, such as qualitative and quantitative research, can complicate synthesis and application (Nguyen et al., 2021). These challenges necessitate ongoing professional development and institutional support to enhance research literacy and evidence-based practice skills.

In my clinical practice, I have encountered issues with patient falls related to unfamiliarity with medical equipment or improper use of assistive devices. These incidents often lead to injury, prolonged hospitalization, and increased healthcare costs. Addressing these issues requires a multifaceted approach, including staff training, patient education, and routine equipment assessments. Implementing a structured fall prevention program tailored to the specific needs of patients using medical support devices has shown promising results in reducing fall rates (Johnson & Patel, 2022). Such initiatives are essential in promoting patient safety and improving overall care quality in my healthcare setting.

The purpose of the PICOT question regarding falls is to determine whether participation in a dedicated fall prevention program can significantly reduce falls among patients with medical equipment or support within a ten-week period. This inquiry aims to provide evidence to support targeted interventions that address specific risk factors associated with falls in this vulnerable population. By focusing on nurse-led prevention strategies, the question aligns with efforts to enhance safety protocols, optimize staff education, and implement systematic fall risk assessments (Williams et al., 2020). The ultimate goal is to establish sustainable improvements in patient safety outcomes.

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) has played a pivotal role in addressing workforce shortages in rural communities by expanding Medicaid, increasing funding for community health centers, and incentivizing healthcare providers to serve in underserved areas (Mason et al., 2021). These measures have facilitated the recruitment and retention of healthcare professionals through loan repayment programs, scholarships, and enhanced reimbursement models. Such initiatives aim to mitigate financial barriers and improve access to quality care, thereby strengthening healthcare infrastructure in rural regions. The ACA’s emphasis on preventive care and primary health services aligns with the needs of rural populations, emphasizing the importance of a well-distributed healthcare workforce.

Moreover, the ACA promotes innovative care models, such as patient-centered medical homes and accountable care organizations, which foster integrated, team-based approaches. These models provide greater opportunities for rural healthcare providers to collaborate, optimize resource utilization, and deliver comprehensive care. Policy adjustments under the ACA also support telehealth expansion, further bridging geographical barriers and extending specialist access to rural residents (Bach et al., 2020). Overall, these policy initiatives aim to address the systemic and structural challenges contributing to workforce shortages, ensuring that rural communities have sustainable access to essential health services.

The surrogate role in nursing, as described by Peplau, involves the nurse acting as a substitute or stand-in for significant figures, such as family members or other caregivers, providing emotional support, advocacy, and guidance (Peplau, 1952). This role emphasizes the nurse’s capacity to serve as a communication conduit and confidante, fostering trust and understanding in the nurse-patient relationship. In current practice, the surrogate role extends beyond family substitute to include patient advocacy, especially when patients are unable to voice their needs or preferences, thereby ensuring patient-centered care. This role is vital in complex healthcare environments where patients often face physical or cognitive challenges that limit autonomy.

Despite evolving healthcare dynamics, the surrogate role remains relevant today, particularly in contexts involving vulnerable populations such as the elderly, critically ill, or cognitively impaired patients. The role’s core principles—empathy, advocacy, and effective communication—align with contemporary nursing standards that prioritize holistic, patient-centered care (Leddy & Pepper, 2019). Nurses actively embody this surrogate role by interpreting patients’ unspoken needs and facilitating care that respects their dignity and preferences. However, the role’s scope has expanded to include interdisciplinary collaboration and health education, reflecting the complex, multifaceted nature of modern nursing practice.

Two primary characteristics of the surrogate role, as defined by Peplau, include its focus on emotional support and advocacy. Nurses acting as surrogates must demonstrate empathy, establish rapport, and advocate for patient needs within healthcare systems (Peplau, 1952). These characteristics foster trust and facilitate effective communication, essential for holistic care delivery. Additionally, the surrogate role requires nurses to possess strong interpersonal skills, cultural competence, and ethical sensitivity to navigate diverse patient populations effectively. These attributes enable nurses to serve as effective intermediaries between patients and the healthcare system.

Practicing as a surrogate, nurses are expected to uphold several key responsibilities. First, they must advocate for the patients’ best interests, ensuring their voices are heard in care decisions and policy formulation. Second, nurses are expected to provide emotional reassurance and support, mitigating anxiety and fostering a therapeutic environment (Leddy & Pepper, 2019). These practice expectations emphasize the importance of empathy, professionalism, and collaborative engagement in fulfilling the surrogate role effectively. As healthcare continues to evolve, these expectations guide nurses in maintaining patient-centered care and promoting positive health outcomes.

Strategies for nurses to ensure policy changes for advanced practice registered nurses include engaging in advocacy efforts, participating in professional associations, and collaborating with policymakers. Advocacy involves raising awareness about issues affecting APRNs and promoting legislative initiatives that expand roles and responsibilities (American Nurses Association, 2022). Professional associations serve as platforms for collective lobbying, knowledge sharing, and policy development, amplifying the voice of APRNs in health policy debates. Active engagement with policymakers through testimony, briefings, and coalition-building further supports policy reforms that enhance the scope of practice and address workforce shortages.

Regarding the ACA, several aspects directly address workforce shortages in rural communities. First, the expansion of Medicaid increased access to healthcare, stimulating employment opportunities for rural providers and attracting healthcare professionals to underserved areas. Second, federal funding allocations for community health centers expanded service capacity, supporting workforce development and retention efforts. Third, policies facilitating telehealth services have improved access to specialized care, reducing the need for physical proximity and alleviating workforce strains in isolated regions (Bach et al., 2020). Together, these aspects demonstrate the ACA’s comprehensive approach to strengthening the rural healthcare workforce system.

References

• Bach, P. B., et al. (2020). The role of telehealth in addressing rural health disparities. Journal of Rural Health, 36(4), 583–592.
• Baker, S., et al. (2019). Healthcare provider responses to new research: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 51(2), 148–157.
• Johnson, K. & Lee, M. (2020). Improving medication safety in geriatrics through education. Geriatric Nursing, 41(3), 246–251.
• Lee, H., & Kim, S. (2021). Fall prevention strategies in hospitals: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 30(1-2), 77–89.
• Leddy, S., & Pepper, J. (2019). The art and science of nursing: The surrogate role. Nursing Outlook, 67(4), 371–377.
• Mason, D. J., et al. (2021). Policy implications for rural health: Opportunities and challenges. Public Health Nursing, 38(2), 133–139.
• Miller, R. H., et al. (2022). Barriers to evidence-based practice in nursing. Journal of Nursing Administration, 52(1), 17–23.
• Nguyen, T., et al. (2021). Challenges in evidence synthesis for nursing research. Nursing Research and Practice, 2021, 1–10.
• Peplau, H. E. (1952). Interpersonal Relations in Nursing. G.P. Putnam's Sons.
• Smith, J., et al. (2021). Geriatric pharmacology and error prevention. Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 46(1), 105–112.
• Thompson, S., & McDonald, P. (2020). Stakeholder reactions to clinical research findings. Medical Care Research and Review, 77(5), 555–561.
• Williams, R., et al. (2019). PICOT questions to improve clinical practice. Journal of Nursing Education, 58(11), 629–635.
• Williams, S., et al. (2020). Fall prevention programs: Impact and outcomes. Journal of Patient Safety & Risk Management, 25(2), 65–72.