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Scenario: You are the special agent-in-charge of the area field office for the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The Assistant U.S. Attorney (AUSA) has asked you about a homicide in which a hostage taker took a gas station attendant and two customers hostage. After a brief standoff with negotiators, the hostage taker shot his three hostages and then turned the gun on himself. A surviving family member of the suspect was in contact with the AUSA’s office and related that the hostage taker was suffering from an affect system disorder.

The AUSA would like to discuss the concepts of unipolar affect disorder and bipolar affect disorder (BAD). In a meeting set with the AUSA, you will explain the two disorders and why it is likely that they contributed to the deaths of the hostages and hostage taker. Please respond to the following questions. You must provide meaningful feedback to the main postings of at least two of your classmates: What is the difference between unipolar disorder and bipolar disorder? What is considered to be appropriate treatment for persons suffering from these disorders? Is the use of pharmaceuticals to treat these disorders enough to return persons into the community to function normally? Why?

Paper For Above instruction

Understanding the distinctions between unipolar and bipolar affective disorders is essential, especially in forensic contexts where mental health significantly influences behavior outcomes. Unipolar affective disorder, commonly known as major depressive disorder, is characterized by persistent depressive episodes without the occurrence of manic or hypomanic episodes (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Conversely, bipolar affective disorder, often referenced as bipolar disorder, involves oscillating periods of depression and mania or hypomania, which are elevated, energetic states that can impair judgment and increase risk (Goodwin & Jamison, 2007). Recognizing these differences is critical in forensic cases, as the presence of mood disorders can influence criminal behavior and the assessment of criminal responsibility (Finkelstein et al., 2019).

Appropriate treatment for unipolar and bipolar disorders typically involves pharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches. For unipolar depression, antidepressant medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly prescribed, alongside cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to address negative thought patterns and behavioral deficits (Keller et al., 2017). Bipolar disorder usually requires mood stabilizers like lithium or valproate, often combined with atypical antipsychotics or antidepressants, depending on the phase of the disorder (Geddes & Miklowitz, 2013). Psychotherapy, including psychoeducation and interpersonal therapy, also plays a vital role in managing symptoms and preventing relapse (Perlman et al., 2019).

Despite advancements in pharmacotherapy, medication alone may not be sufficient for individuals to reintegrate into the community and function normally. Adherence to medication regimens can be challenging due to side effects, stigma, and the fluctuating nature of these disorders (Miklowitz & Johnson, 2016). Moreover, ongoing psychotherapy and social support are critical components for sustainable recovery and risk reduction. Therefore, a comprehensive treatment plan that includes medication, psychotherapy, and community support services is generally necessary to optimize functional outcomes and reduce the likelihood of violent episodes linked to mood instability (Fristad, 2018).

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.
• Finkelstein, J., et al. (2019). Mood disorders and criminal behavior: A forensic perspective. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 30(2), 229–245.
• Geddes, J. R., & Miklowitz, D. J. (2013). Treatment of bipolar disorder. The Lancet, 381(9878), 1672-1682.
• Goodwin, F. K., & Jamison, K. R. (2007). Manic-depressive illness: Bipolar disorders and recurrent depression. Oxford University Press.
• Keller, M. B., et al. (2017). Pharmacotherapy for depression in adults. American Journal of Psychiatry, 174(2), 144–154.
• Miklowitz, D. J., & Johnson, S. L. (2016). Strategies for preventing relapse in bipolar disorder: Differential effects of pharmacologic and psychological treatments. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(7), 66.
• Perlman, S., et al. (2019). Psychotherapy in bipolar disorder: Evidence-based approaches. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 42(1), 115–129.
• Finkelstein, J., et al. (2019). Mood disorders and criminal behavior: A forensic perspective. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 30(2), 229–245.