Assignment 2: Discussion—DNA Profiling Of Deoxyribonu 702678

Assignment 2: Discussion—DNA Profiling Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) profiling is a laboratory method used by forensic scientists to determine the identification of individuals by their unique DNA signature. Also known as DNA testing, this method has been used to diagnose potential genetic disorders, identify heritage, and provide forensic evidence. Respond to the following: Discuss scientific and technical concepts related to DNA profiling. Consider the following: Describe how a sample of DNA is collected and prepared for study. State the steps involved in determining the DNA sequence of a sample. Discuss one type of DNA sequencing and the steps involved in that method. Provide an example of the application of DNA profiling and discuss its efficacy related to this particular application. Consider the following: Why is DNA testing important to this application? What questions are addressed in this application? What are the unique steps or techniques in this application that must be followed for it to be effective? What alternative methods might be employed to address the same questions that can be answered via DNA testing? Provide a minimum of two scholarly references. These scholarly references should be peer reviewed and from authoritative sources. Write your initial response in 2–3 paragraphs. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.

Paper For Above instruction

DNA profiling, also known as DNA fingerprinting, is a pivotal technique in forensic science that enables the identification of individuals based on their unique genetic makeup. The process begins with the collection of a DNA sample, which can originate from various sources such as blood, hair, saliva, or biological tissues. Proper collection protocols are essential to avoid contamination and ensure sample integrity. Once collected, the DNA undergoes preparation involving extraction, purification, and quantification. Extraction often employs methods like organic extraction or silica-based spin columns to isolate DNA from other cellular components. Purification removes impurities that could interfere with downstream analysis, and quantification ensures the appropriate amount of DNA is used for subsequent processes (Kumar et al., 2019).

Determining the DNA sequence involves several key steps, including the amplification of specific DNA regions through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR selectively amplifies target sequences, making it easier to analyze or sequence. One common method of DNA sequencing is Sanger sequencing, which involves chain termination during DNA synthesis using labeled dideoxynucleotides. These modified nucleotides halt DNA extension at specific bases, resulting in fragments of varying lengths that can be separated via electrophoresis. By analyzing the pattern of terminated fragments, the DNA sequence is deduced. In forensic applications, DNA profiling is often utilized to match DNA samples from crime scenes to a suspect, providing crucial evidence in criminal investigations (Mardis & Wilson, 2009). This method's efficacy lies in its high accuracy and ability to produce specific genetic profiles, thereby establishing identity or biological relationships.

Alternative methods like SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) genotyping and next-generation sequencing (NGS) offer broader applications for genetic analysis. SNP genotyping can rapidly evaluate many genetic markers simultaneously, useful for ancestry testing or disease predisposition studies. NGS, on the other hand, allows for high-throughput sequencing of entire genomes, providing comprehensive data for complex comparisons. These alternatives can complement traditional DNA profiling, especially in cases requiring extensive genetic information or faster results, thus broadening the scope of forensic and biomedical investigations (Schlimpert et al., 2021). Overall, these techniques demonstrate the evolving landscape of DNA analysis, enhancing our ability to answer vital biological questions with increased precision and efficiency.

References

• Kumar, S., et al. (2019). Techniques of DNA Extraction and Purification. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 64(4), 1084-1092.
• Mardis, E. R., & Wilson, R. K. (2009). Progress in personalized medicine: sequencing genomes and identifying mutations. Nature, 460(7257), 747-752.
• Schlimpert, S., et al. (2021). Advances in Next-Generation Sequencing for Forensic Applications. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 51, 102448.