Assignment: Do Problems 1–6 Based On The Attachment

Assignmentplease Do Problems 1 6 Based Upon The Attachment From Page

Assignment: Please do problems 1-6 based upon the attachment from Page 17-18.

1. Consider the following Training Data Set: • Apply the Naïve Bayesian Classifier to this data set and compute the probability score for P(y = 1|X) for X = (1,0,0). Show your work.
2. List some prominent use cases of the Naïve Bayesian Classifier.
3. What gives the Naïve Bayesian Classifier the advantage of being computationally inexpensive?
4. Why should we use log-likelihoods rather than pure probability values in the Naïve Bayesian Classifier?
5. What is a confusion matrix and how it is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the model?
6. Consider the following data set with two input features temperature and season:
   • What is the Naïve Bayes assumption?
   • Is the Naïve Bayes assumption satisfied for this problem?

Paper For Above instruction

The Naïve Bayesian Classifier is a fundamental probabilistic machine learning model based on applying Bayes' theorem with a strong independence assumption among predictors. This classifier is widely appreciated for its simplicity and efficiency, particularly suitable in various real-world applications such as spam detection, document classification, sentiment analysis, medical diagnosis, and recommendation systems. The core idea involves estimating the posterior probability of a class given the observed features, enabling the decision to be made based on the highest probability.

Applying the Naïve Bayesian Classifier to a specific dataset involves calculating prior probabilities for each class, the likelihood of features given each class, and then combining these to compute the posterior probability for the class of interest. For instance, to compute P(y = 1|X=(1,0,0)), one needs to estimate P(y=1), P(x1=1|y=1), P(x2=0|y=1), P(x3=0|y=1), and similarly for y=0. The posterior probability is then derived by multiplying the likelihoods with the prior and normalizing over all classes to ensure the probabilities sum to one. Working through actual calculations involves applying the data frequencies and Laplace smoothing to handle zero counts and avoid zero probabilities.

The advantages of the Naïve Bayesian Classifier primarily stem from its computational efficiency. Its assumption of feature independence simplifies the computation of the joint likelihood as a product of individual feature likelihoods, significantly reducing computational complexity. This makes it especially effective for high-dimensional data where more complex models might become computationally infeasible.

In practice, it is common to use log-likelihoods instead of raw probabilities. This adjustment transforms the products of many probabilities into sums of log-probabilities, preventing numerical underflow which commonly occurs when multiplying small probability values. Logarithmic calculations are computationally more stable and enhance numerical precision, especially when dealing with large datasets or tiny probability estimates.

A confusion matrix is a table used in classification problems to evaluate the performance of a model. It displays the counts of true positive, true negative, false positive, and false negative predictions, providing insight into the types of errors the classifier makes. Analyzing the confusion matrix allows practitioners to compute various performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and specificity, which collectively help determine how well the model is performing and where improvements might be necessary.

Regarding the Naïve Bayes assumption, the model presumes that input features are conditionally independent given the class label. When analyzing a dataset with features like temperature and season, this assumption implies that the likelihood of a particular temperature value is unaffected by the season once the class label is known, and vice versa. To verify whether the Naïve Bayes assumption is satisfied, one must examine the data for interdependencies between features within each class. If temperature and season are highly correlated within each class, the independence assumption is violated; however, if they are largely independent, the assumption holds.

References

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