Author Name Here For Edited Book Chapter 3 Management Theory ✓ Solved

Author Name Here For Edited Bookschapter3management Theory

Development of Management Theory

• Frederick Taylor: father of scientific management; time and motion studies

• Elton Mayo: Hawthorne effect

• Abraham Maslow: hierarchy of needs; must meet each need before satisfying higher needs

These theories have come under some scrutiny, but have been the start of critically analyzing how management decisions are made.

Management Theory

• Why is management theory important?

• How did people manage before these theories were developed?

• What do you think is the best management theory, and why?

• What is the best way to motivate minimum wage employees?

• What “soft” managerial skills do you think you have?

Computer-Assisted Facility Management (CAFM)

• How do computers help you in your daily life?

• How do you think computers help a facility manager?

Application of CAFM

• CAFM has grown to include any technology platform that assists a facility manager in running a facility.

• There are six primary areas where CAFM is applied:

1. Space and asset management

2. Computer-assisted drafting (CAD)

3. Capital planning and facility condition assessment

4. Maintenance and operations

5. Real estate and property management

6. Support technologies

Management Strategies

• First and foremost, every facility manager must act in an ethical manner.

• A reputation is one of the most valuable assets a person will ever have.

• Always use integrity in difficult situations.

• Focus on the facility’s core competencies while outsourcing specific tasks that will improve quality of service.

Management Strategies: No Meetings

A survey in USA Today Snapshot (2009) examined how worker productivity would be affected if their employers banned meetings one day a week: 46% no change, 45% more productive, 7% less productive, 2% no opinion. Thus, cutting down meetings might make employees more productive. Why is this the case?

Leadership

• What is leadership and why is it different from management?

• What is the most important trait for a leader?

• How can you become a more effective leader?

Managerial Skills vs. Leadership Skills

Managerial traits:

• Coercive authority
• Time-management skills
• Organizational skills
• Seeks stability
• Focuses on managing tasks
• Has subordinates
• Maintains control
• Appeals to the head
• Transactional style

Leadership traits:

• Personal charisma
• Shows by example
• Hires well (spots potential)
• Seeks change for the better
• Focuses on leading people
• Has followers
• Maintains passion
• Appeals to the heart
• Transformational style

Most Important Leadership Skills

1. Inspires and motivates others
2. Displays high integrity and honesty
3. Solves problems and analyses issues
4. Drives for results
5. Communicates powerfully and prolifically
6. Collaborates and promotes teamwork
7. Builds relationships

Source: Zenger and Folkman, Harvard Business Review, July 2014

Pros and Cons of Outsourcing

Pros:

• Creates booking leverage
• Increases corporate support
• Reduces stress, time, and budget implications
• Effective negotiation and renegotiation strategies
• Facility staff focuses on core competencies leading to professional growth

Cons:

• Expensive
• Relinquishes some control
• Turnover of loyalty to PMC
• Loss of responsibility
• Short-term cost cutting could lead to long-term damage
• Excessive turnover of the GM due to increased opportunities

Sport Facility Jobs

• Facility manager

• Box office and ticket distribution

• Security

• Parking

• Maintenance

• Architecture and engineering

• Finance

• Human resources

• What else can you think of?

Employment Options

• Should interns be paid? Explain your position.

• What is an independent contractor?

• How can you determine if someone is an independent contractor or employee?

• Why is this distinction important?

• What is outsourcing?

Hiring Process

• Job analysis, job design, and job description: what are you looking for and why?

• Advertising the position

• Screening the applicants and the interview process

Employee Management

• Placing the employees in the right job

• Evaluating employees and the performance appraisal process

• Termination and the progressive discipline process

Pre-event staff meeting with front-line employees

Training

• Why is employee training so critical?

• Think of several areas where training would be critical.

• Alcohol service
• Crowd management
• Groundskeepers

Every facility wants employees who can enhance the game day experience.

Legal Concerns

• Using inappropriate application forms and questions

• Poor or inappropriate interview questions

• Proper classification of employees at will

• Lack of standardized documents

• Failing to know, review, and update employment policies

• Failing to monitor, evaluate, and secure personnel files

• Failing to honestly and tactfully evaluate employees in a timely manner

• Failing to have appropriate evaluation criteria

• Failing to properly document evaluations and all other employment decisions

• Failing to provide a proper grievance process for resolving disputes

• Failing to provide proper notice for discipline and the opportunity to be heard

• Shrugging off employee complaints

• Failing to act promptly to terminate an employee who has engaged in egregious or violent conduct

• Failing to review each termination and make sure appropriate records are maintained

• Failing to consider all applicable local, state, and federal laws

Legal Issues

• Unions

• ADA – Reasonable accommodation – Medical issue that affects one or more major life activities

• Workers’ compensation: exclusive remedy for those injured on the job

• Sexual harassment – What constitutes inappropriate conduct? – Employer has to know about inappropriate conduct and then needs to take steps to prevent it.

Summary

• Facility managers should know what skills they need to use to motivate employees to do their job to the best of their ability.

• A manager also needs to know how to lead, hire, promote, and terminate employees while complying with all applicable laws.

Discussion Questions and Activities

• Do you think facility management outsourcing would be beneficial for a health club?

• If you were a facility manager, what services do you think you would want to outsource, and why?

• Write a job analysis, design, and description for those working in a collegiate ticketing office.

Paper For Above Instructions

The evolution of management theory has played a significant role in shaping contemporary organizational practices. The seminal work of figures such as Frederick Taylor, Elton Mayo, and Abraham Maslow laid the foundation for structured management approaches. This paper seeks to explore management theory's historical context, its relevance in modern-day management, and the implications for motivating employees, particularly those in minimum wage positions.

Management theory is critical as it provides structured methodologies for achieving organizational goals and enhancing productivity. Before these theories emerged, management was often unstructured and relied heavily on informal practices. The pre-theoretical era of management lacked frameworks for evaluating performance, leading to inconsistencies and inefficiencies (Roberts, 2016). With the development of management theories, organizations gained insights into systematic approaches that could significantly enhance operational efficiencies and employee satisfaction.

Among the various management theories, Maslow's hierarchy of needs stands out for its relevance in motivating employees, especially those earning minimum wage. This theory posits that individuals are motivated by a series of hierarchical needs, starting from physiological needs to self-actualization (Maslow, 1943). Meeting these fundamental needs is essential for fostering employee motivation and ensuring job satisfaction. Furthermore, understanding these needs allows managers to create supportive work environments that enhance engagement and productivity among minimum-wage employees (Johnson & Smith, 2020).

Motivating low-wage employees is a sophisticated task that requires a well-rounded strategy. According to Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory, factors such as recognition, responsibility, and advancement opportunities are critical in creating job satisfaction (Herzberg, 1966). Incorporating elements that address these intrinsic motivators can significantly improve retention rates and overall employee morale.

Implementing effective management strategies is essential for facility managers. Ethical behavior underpins successful management practices and is vital for maintaining a positive organizational reputation. As noted, a manager’s reputation is among their most valuable assets (Thompson, 2019). Upholding integrity, especially during challenging times, builds trust and fosters employee loyalty. Focusing on core competencies while outsourcing specific tasks can also enhance service quality without compromising operational integrity (King, 2021).

The rise of Computer-Assisted Facility Management (CAFM) illustrates the importance of technology in enhancing management practices. CAFM encompasses various technological platforms that aid managers in efficient facility operations, spanning areas such as space management and maintenance (Silver & Landry, 2018). The integration of technology simplifies decision-making processes, allows for data-driven insights, and ultimately leads to improved service delivery. Computers not only assist facility managers but also enable employees to perform optimally in their roles, thus enhancing the overall productivity of the organization.

Leadership distinguishes itself from management through its focus on inspiring and guiding teams rather than merely overseeing tasks. Effective leaders possess traits such as personal charisma and the ability to inspire others, essential for fostering a positive workplace culture (Robinson, 2020). The development of leadership skills can significantly enhance managerial effectiveness and facilitate better employee relations. Notably, top leadership skills encompass communication, integrity, and problem-solving abilities, which are crucial for driving performance within teams (Zenger & Folkman, 2014).

Outsourcing offers both advantages and disadvantages for organizations. While outsourcing can yield significant cost savings and free up internal resources for core competencies, it may also lead to the loss of control over services and issues of loyalty among facility staff (Richards, 2017). Therefore, facility managers should carefully evaluate the implications of outsourcing decisions to ensure that they align with the organization's strategic goals.

Legal considerations also play a vital role in effective management. Employers must navigate issues such as employment classification, compliance with labor laws, and the necessity of professional grievance processes (Smith & Lee, 2021). An organization’s failure to adhere to legal obligations not only jeopardizes its reputation but can also result in severe financial penalties and operational disruptions.

In summary, facility managers must possess a diverse set of skills to motivate and enhance employee performance. Knowledge of management theory is integral to understanding how to lead, hire, promote, and adhere to compliance across various organizational domains. Critical evaluation of management strategies, ethical conduct, and knowledge of legal considerations will empower facility managers to foster effective work environments that capitalize on employee potential.

References

• Herzberg, F. (1966). Work and the Nature of Man. World Publishing Company.
• Johnson, M., & Smith, A. (2020). Employee Motivation: Application of Maslow's Theory. Journal of Management Psychology, 35(2), 115-128.
• King, R. (2021). Outsourcing Strategies in Facility Management. Facility Management Journal, 22(4), 45-50.
• Maslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-396.
• Roberts, P. (2016). Evolution of Management Thought. Harvard Business Review.
• Richards, T. (2017). Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing in Management. Journal of Business Strategy, 38(5), 12-20.
• Robinson, J. (2020). Leadership vs. Management: Key Differences. Leadership Quarterly, 31(1), 21-35.
• Silver, L., & Landry, M. (2018). The Role of Technology in Facility Management. Facilities, 36(1), 1-9.
• Smith, R., & Lee, J. (2021). Legal Frameworks in Employment Management. Labor Law Journal, 72(3), 205-215.
• Zenger, J., & Folkman, J. (2014). The Extraordinary Leader: Turning Good Managers into Great Leaders. McGraw-Hill.