Based On English 4-1 Consider The Following Words With Re
Based On English · 4-1. Consider the following words with respect to how
Based on English · 4-1. Consider the following words with respect to how the sound represented by
Then, as was done in this chapter for the allophones of English /p/, describe the allophones of /t/ and specify their distribution. A B C D tougher standing later petunia talker still data potato teller story petal return Examine the careful and casual pronunciations of the English expressions below; then for each one, (a) provide a transcription of the careful pronunciation; (b) identify the name of the phonological process that links them; (c) describe what actually occurs in the process in each particular case. Use one of these as identifiers for the process: Assimilation (ASS); Deletion (DEL); Insertion (INS); Metathesis (MET). An example is given for the first expression. (For this exercise, you may ignore vowel changes.) (Note: /ɱ/ is the IPA symbol for a labiodental nasal.) Expression Careful Casual Process Details athlete à¦Î¸lit à¦Î¸É™lit INS schwa inserted at syllable boundary between /θ/ and /l/, perhaps for ease of articulation emphasis εmfÉ™sɪs εɱfÉ™sÉ™s nuclear nukliÉ™r nukjÉ™lÉ™r espresso εsprεso εksprεso memory mεmÉ™ri mÉ™mri prostate prÉ‘stet prÉ‘stret pass him pà¦s hɪm pà¦sÉ™m won’t you wont ju wontʃ;É™
Based on Languages Other Than English 4-9.
Fijian has prenasalized stops among its inventory of phonemes. The prenasalized stop [nd] consists of a nasal pronounced immediately before the stop, with which it forms a single sound unit. Consider the following Fijian words as pronounced in fast speech: vindi ‘to spring up’ dina ‘true’ kenda ‘we’ dalo ‘taro plant’ tiko ‘to stay’ vundi ‘plantain banana’ tutu ‘grandfather’ manda ‘first’ viti ‘Fiji’ tina ‘mother’ dovu ‘sugarcane’ mata ‘eye’ dondo ‘to stretch out one’s hand’ mokiti ‘round’ vevendu (a type of plant) On the basis of these data, determine whether [d], [nd], and [t] are allophones of a single phoneme or constitute two or three separate phonemes. If you find that two of them (or all of them) are allophones of a single phoneme, give the rule that describes the distribution of each allophone.
If you analyze all three as separate phonemes, justify your answer. (Note: In Fijian all syllables end in a vowel.) 4-11. The distribution of the sounds [s] and [z] in colloquial Spanish is represented by the following examples in phonetic transcription: izla ‘island’ tʃiste ‘joke’ fuersa ‘force’ eski ‘ski’ peskado ‘fish’ riezgo ‘risk’ muskulo ‘muscle’ fiskal ‘fiscal’ sin ‘without’ rezvalar ‘to slip’ rasko ‘I scratch’ dezde ‘since’ resto ‘remainder’ razgo ‘feature’ mizmo ‘same’ beizbÉ”l ‘baseball’ espalda ‘back’ mas ‘more’ Are [s] and [z] distinct phonemes of Spanish or allophones of a single phoneme? If they are distinct phonemes, support your answer. If they are allophones of the same phoneme, specify their distribution.
Sample Paper For Above instruction
Introduction
Phonetic and phonological analysis plays a vital role in understanding the sound systems of languages. The present discussion explores various phonetic phenomena across English, Fijian, and Spanish, focusing on allophonic variations, phoneme distributions, and phonological processes. These analyses offer insights into how sounds function within specific linguistic contexts, aiding in the broader understanding of linguistic structure and pronunciation patterns.
Allophones of /t/ in English
The English /t/ phoneme exhibits variation in its pronunciation depending on phonetic context and speech style. Typically, /t/ can be aspirated, tapped, or realized as a glottal stop. In careful speech, /t/ is often aspirated, produced with a burst of airflow. For instance, words like "tougher" and "standing" show aspirated /t/, represented as [tʰ].
In casual or rapid speech, particularly when /t/ occurs between vowels or in intervocalic positions, it may be realized as a tapped or flapped sound, transcribed as [ɾ]. For example, "later" and "teller" often have a tapped /t/, which sounds similar to a quick, soft "d" sound. This variation is often termed "flapping" and is a common allophonic variation in English dialects, especially American English.
Phonologically, /t/ in English has at least two allophones: [tʰ] (aspirated) and [ɾ] (flapped). The distribution of these allophones depends on whether the /t/ is in a stressed syllable and whether it is intervocalic. Aspirated [tʰ] occurs at the beginning of stressed syllables, while the tapped [ɾ] appears intervocalically in casual speech.
Phonological processes in casual speech
Consider the following English expressions:
- Careful: athlete /ˈæθliːt/ Casual: /ˈæθliːt/ - no change
- Careful: emphasize /ˈɛmfəsaɪz/ Casual: /ˈɛmfaɪz/ - deletion of the vowel /ə/ (ASS)
- Careful: nuclear /ˈnuːkliər/ Casual: /ˈnuːkjər/ - elision of /l/ (ASS)
- Careful: espresso /ɛˈspres.oʊ/ Casual: /ɛkˈspres.oʊ/ - insertion of /k/ (INS)
- Careful: memory /ˈmɛməri/ Casual: /ˈmɛmri/ - deletion of unstressed vowel (ASS)
In these examples, various phonological processes, such as assimilation, deletion, insertion, and metathesis, occur to facilitate rapid speech. For instance, the insertion of a schwa and deletion of vowels streamline articulation, while assimilation may modify sounds to become more similar to neighboring sounds.
Fijian Prenasalized Stops
Fijian features prenasalized stops like [nd], which combine a nasal and a stop into a single phoneme. In fast speech, these sounds may surface as [d], [nd], or even [t], depending on context. Based on the data, [d], [nd], and [t] do not all occur in overlapping contexts suggestive of a single phoneme. For example, [nd] appears in words like "dalo" and "dondo," where the nasal precedes the stop, indicating a prenasalized stop phoneme.
Other forms, such as "tiki," with an isolated /t/ at the beginning, suggest that /t/ exists as a separate phoneme, distinct from the prenasalized [nd]. Thus, [d], [nd], and [t] are analyzed as separate phonemes, with phonological rules accounting for their distribution based on syllable structure and phonetic context.
Distribution of [s] and [z] in Spanish
The analysis of [s] and [z] in colloquial Spanish indicates that they are distinct phonemes rather than allophones. The data shows clear minimal pairs like "izla" (island) versus "têʃiste" (joke), where the presence of [z] versus [s] changes meaning. The distribution also indicates that [z] occurs in environments where voiced consonants are nearby (e.g., "rezgo"), and [s] appears elsewhere.
Therefore, [s] and [z] are separate underlying phonemes in Spanish, allowing for phonemic contrast and lexical distinction. This separation aligns with traditional phonological analysis, which recognizes that phonemes can have multiple allophones but also occur as distinct entities when contrastive in minimal pairs.
Conclusion
In conclusion, analyzing sound variation across languages reveals complex phonetic and phonological systems. English exhibits allophonic variation in /t/, influenced by speech style and context. Fijian demonstrates the phonemic status of prenasalized stops and simple stops. Spanish maintains a phonemic distinction between [s] and [z], underpinning lexical differences. These analyses deepen our understanding of how phonetic detail informs phonological theory, emphasizing the importance of context in sound distribution and variation.
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