Big Data Hadoop Ecosystem Lab 1 Setup And General Notes Dr G

Big Data Hadoop Ecosystemslab 1setup And General Notesdr Gasan Elkh

Big Data Hadoop Ecosystems Lab #1 Setup and General Notes Dr. Gasan Elkhodari Installing Hadoop VM on your laptop ( Windows users) Hardware Requirements: 64 bit OS, Windows Laptop with SSD, with 50 Gb of free space and at least 8GB of memory. Hadoop/Linux sandbox requires at least 8 Gb of memory to run correctly. Windows 10 1. Download the VM Sandbox image (the executable file) from: 2. Download the VMware station player (Free license for individual use) from: 3. VMware station player installation: Play the below video and follow the configuration instructions. Don’t download the products mentioned in the video. The focus is on the configuration steps for VMware station. 4. Start the VM Installing Hadoop VM on your laptop ( Mac users) 1. Download the VM Sandbox image (the executable file) from: 2. Download the Virtualbox from: 3. Install Virtualbox. Play the below video and follow the configuration instructions. Don’t download the products mentioned at the video. The focus is on the configuration steps for VMware station. 4. Start the VM Lab #1 – General Note This Lab uses the a Virtual Machine running the CentOS Linux distribution. This VM has CDH (Cloudera’s Distribution, including Apache Hadoop) installed in Pseudo-Distributed mode. Pseudo- Distributed mode is a method of running Hadoop whereby all Hadoop daemons run on the same machine. It is, essentially, a cluster consisting of a single machine. It works just like a larger Hadoop cluster, the only difference (apart from speed, of course!) being that the block replication factor is set to 1, since there is only a single Data Node available. Lab#1 – HDFS Setup Enable services and set up any data required for the course. You must run this script before starting the Lab. $ $DEV1/scripts/training_setup_dev1.sh Lab#1 HDFS Setup - Continue Lab#1 – Access HDFS with Command Line • Assignment 1) Move the data folder “KB†that is under the location “/home/training/training_materials/data†to the Hadoop file system /loudacre. Hints: • Use ‘hdfs dfs -mkdir’ command to create a new directory ‘/loudacre’ in the HDFS file system • Use ‘hdfs dfs –put’ command line to move the data from the local Linux file system into HDFS file system • Use ‘hdfs dfs –cat’ to view the data you just moved into HDFS • Output View one the files you just moved by ’hdfs dfs –cat’, take screenshot and upload it in the designated assignment folder. Example: Lab#1 – Access HDFS with Command Line 1 COMPLIANCE PROGRAM Compliance Program MHA/508 Compliance Program Questions St. Joseph’s Hospital Piedmont- Columbus Hospital How internal monitoring and auditing is conducted “The Compliance Office, with input from Leadership, develops an annual work plan, also known as an internal audit plan, which outlines the areas of focus for the year. The work plan specifies the time for audits, the service areas, and functions to be audited. The Corporate Compliance Committee reviews and approves the annual work plan, makes suggested changes, and is kept apprised of any changes made to the plan by the Compliance Office. In addition, the results of the work plan are shared with the Corporate Compliance Committee and their feedback obtained on outcomes and recommended solutions as problems are identified” (“ St. Joseph’s Hospital Health Center Corporate Compliance Planâ€, 2012). Monitoring and auditing is conducted under direction by the Chief Compliance Officer and Senior PCR staff. The Chief Compliance Officer and PCR staff will have access to documentation created for auditing purposes (“Policy Searchâ€, 2019). How compliance and practice standards are implemented “Every new employee receives a copy of the Business Conduct & Code of Ethics and participates in an educational session conducted by the Compliance Office during their formal classroom orientation. Board of Trustees receive a copy of the Business Conduct & Code of Ethics and receive educational sessions, as appropriate, conducted by the Compliance Officer” (“ St. Joseph’s Hospital Health Center Corporate Compliance Planâ€, 2012). The Chief Compliance Officer will focus compliance with federal, state and local laws, promotion of good corporate citizenship, Prevention and early detection of misconduct, and identification and prioritization of high risk areas. Communication and education are provided to all PCR staff regarding compliance and corporate responsibility. (“Policy Searchâ€, 2019). How employees are trained and educated to model compliant behaviors “Mandatory new employee orientation and the Employee Handbook provide an overview of fraud and abuse laws with examples that give the new employee the ability to identify circumstances of fraud, waste and abuse, an explanation of the elements of the Compliance Program, including the complaint or reporting process and highlight St. Joseph’s commitment to integrity in its business operations and compliance with applicable laws and regulationsâ€().

Code of Conduct is provided to all employees and leadership staff on a yearly basis and attestation of review and acknowledgement is required to be documented for every employee of the hospital (“ Policy Searchâ€, 2019) How violations or offenses are detected, reported, and corrected “St. Joseph's may impose sanctions on any member of the workforce who intentionally or unintentionally violates established policies or procedures. This means that every confirmed act of non-compliance may result in corrective action or discipline. Sanctions, which are penalties imposed, can result in not only disciplinary action, but the removal of privileges, discharge of employment, contract penalties and in some cases civil and/or criminal prosecution” (“ St. Joseph’s Hospital Health Center Corporate Compliance Planâ€, 2012). “Employees, medical staff, students, independent contractors, and other PCR agents who, upon investigation, are found to have committed violations of applicable laws and regulations, the Corporate Compliance Program, the Code of Conduct or the policies and procedures of PCR will be subject to appropriate disciplinary action, up to and including termination of employment, medical staff privileges or any contractual or affiliated relationship. PCR will adopt appropriate measures to reward behavior which promotes compliance” (“Policy Searchâ€, 2019) How lines of communication with employees is developed “St. Joseph’s Compliance Office maintains a Hotline which allows callers to report concerns anonymously and without the fear or retaliation Individuals are encouraged to call the Hotline if they have any question about whether their concern should be reported. A written record of every report received will be kept for a period of seven years. Every effort will be made to preserve the confidentiality of reports of non-compliance (although calls made anonymously will almost always preserve the autonomy of the caller). Individuals must understand, however, that circumstances may arise in which it is necessary or appropriate to disclose information. In such cases disclosures will be on a "need to know" basis only and the Compliance Officer will work with the individual(s) in these cases if his or her identity is known” (“ St. Joseph’s Hospital Health Center Corporate Compliance Planâ€, 2012)..

Employees have multiple outlets for communication and they include: email, flyers, Healthstream, newsletters and breakroom postings (“Policy Searchâ€, 2019). How disciplinary standards are enforced “The Compliance Officer reports the results of each investigation considered significant in his/her sound judgment to the Compliance Office Leadership, Corporate Compliance Committee, General Counsel, St. Josephs President, Board of Trustees and Senior Leadership as appropriate. He/she will recommend a course of discipline and/or other corrective action. Sanctions for non-compliance may be imposed. Corrective action recommended by the Compliance Officer will be reviewed with the Vice President for the service area and Human Resources as appropriate” (“ St. Joseph’s Hospital Health Center Corporate Compliance Planâ€, 2012). Failure for the employee to complete compliance training will lead to termination of the employee (“Policy Searchâ€, 2019). Executive Summary Above are two successful hospitals in Georgia: St. Joseph’s and Piedmont Columbus hospital. The above matrix shows that St. Joseph’s internally monitoring is controlled and maintained by the Compliance Officer. The Compliance Officer works to develop the internal audit plan and then creates reviews along with the Compliance Committee and Leadership. Similar to St. Joseph’s, Piedmont Columbus the Chief Compliance Officer works with the leadership staff to develop an appropriate compliance plan. However the focus and accountability remains with the workforce staff through training sessions and Code of Conduct review. St Joseph’s Hospital tends to focus on presenting the compliance program to workforce staff but follow up does appear to be an opportunity for St. Joseph’s. The focus is on ensuring that the hospital remains compliant with federal, state or local laws without an additional focus on positive reinforcement of adherence to compliance rules. Reviewing the pros and cons of both programs below will help determine which program is more acceptable for the organization. Both facilities have created similar programs that will aide individuals that seek help and a health care program that has a strong focus on compliance with a reduction of fraud and benefit to employees, providers and patients. Piedmont Columbus focuses more on workforce follow up to ensure that compliance practices are adhered to at all times. Piedmont Columbus creates training sessions and also has additional outlets for compliance news to the workforce. For St. Joseph’s, the Compliance Committee and Compliance Officer tend to focus heavily on the monitoring and auditing of compliance practices. However, disciplinary actions do differ between the two programs. For Piedmont Columbus, the penalty for not adhering to the compliance program is more severe with termination being the main course of action. For St. Joseph’s, disciplinary action is reviewed with the Compliance Officer and may not lead to termination but other forms of disciplinary action. The communication styles for the workforce also differ from a compliance program standpoint. Employees within Piedmont Columbus have various avenues such as email, flyers, and an internal system called HealthStream to learn about and help identify compliance violations or issues. For St. Joseph’s the only outlet identified within the program was a hotline that the Compliance Officer provides to the organization. Having effective communication skills is extremely vital for the success of any compliance program. Communication will allow all employees to be productive and function effectively. After reviewing both hospitals, there are positive and negative aspects to each compliance program. Piedmont Columbus offers more engagement with the workforce but the discipline for any non-compliance appears extreme in nature. This type of extreme action could tend to lead to a state of compliance simply out of fear of losing their employment with the hospital. However, St. Joseph’s program with lack of follow up or employee engagement may lead to a sense of complacence due to the material being handed out and reviewed but no additional action is taken to engage the workforce. After reviewing both programs, there is opportunity to adopt the program that St. Joseph’s Hospital utilizes. The program is comprehensive and well thought out through the Compliance Officer, Leadership team and Compliance Committee building an internal audit plan to outline the program. There is also opportunity to build more on the program by engaging workforce more and providing additional resources and outlets for compliance communication. The St. Joseph’s plan provides other options for disciplinary action that Piedmont Columbus does not therefore employees who may have violated compliance rules have the ability to correct their behavior and still retain their employment. The review process for disciplinary action is also more thorough as the Compliance Officer is the one that reviews all aspects of the violation before making a decision. Overall, St. Joseph is a well-rounded program and provides growth and opportunity and is an adoptable program for any organization. References Policy Search (2019). Retrieved from (Piedmont Columbus) St. Joseph’s Hospital Health Center Corporate Compliance Plan (2012). Retrieved from

Sample Paper For Above instruction

The rapid expansion of big data has made the Hadoop ecosystem an essential component in modern data processing frameworks. This paper explores the role of the Hadoop ecosystem within the data lifecycle, examining how data is distributed, stored, and processed across clusters, and discussing best practices for storage, data modeling, and data ingestion using tools like Sqoop and Flume. Furthermore, it scrutinizes the integration of Apache Spark for distributed data processing and outlines the architecture of a Hadoop cluster that employs technologies such as HDFS, YARN, and related projects to efficiently handle big data workloads.

Hadoop Ecosystem in the Data Processing Lifecycle

The Hadoop ecosystem significantly fits into the various stages of data processing, from data acquisition to analysis and visualization. The initial phase involves extracting and transforming data from disparate sources, often using tools like Sqoop for relational database ingestion and Flume for streaming data collection. Once ingested, data is stored within Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), which provides resilient and scalable storage. Processing tools like MapReduce, Spark, and Hive are then utilized to analyze the data. The outputs can be used for business intelligence, predictive analytics, or machine learning applications. In this way, the Hadoop ecosystem creates an integrated environment for end-to-end data management, supporting high-volume, high-velocity, and high-variety data, which are characteristic of big data scenarios.

Distribution, Storage, and Processing of Data

Data distribution in Hadoop ensures that data is partitioned and spread across multiple nodes to enhance parallel processing capabilities. HDFS divides large datasets into blocks (default 128 MB or 256 MB) which are stored redundantly across different nodes to ensure fault tolerance and data availability. The principle "bring the computation to the data" optimizes processing efficiency by minimizing data movement. Data processing occurs through frameworks such as MapReduce and Spark. MapReduce, the original processing engine, functions by dividing tasks into map and reduce phases, processing data in a distributed manner. Conversely, Apache Spark introduces in-memory processing capabilities, significantly reducing latency and enabling iterative algorithms essential for machine learning and data analytics. The integration of Spark with Hadoop YARN allows resource management across the cluster, facilitating scalable and fault-tolerant data processing.

Ingesting Data Using Sqoop and Flume

Data ingestion is a critical step in establishing a comprehensive big data environment. Sqoop facilitates the transfer of data between relational databases and Hadoop. It automates importing data from databases like MySQL, Oracle, and SQL Server into HDFS or Hive, supporting incremental loads and export operations for data synchronization. Flume, on the other hand, is tailored for streaming data collection, often from log files or real-time data sources, and pushes data into Hadoop’s HDFS or HBase seamlessly. Both tools exemplify the principle of integrating diverse data sources into Hadoop, enabling organizations to build a unified data repository for analysis and decision-making.

Distributed Data Processing with Apache Spark

Apache Spark plays a vital role in processing distributed data efficiently within the Hadoop ecosystem. Its in-memory architecture allows for high-speed computations, making it well-suited for iterative algorithms in machine learning, graph processing, and streaming analytics. Spark's ability to run on top of Hadoop YARN provides resource scheduling and scalability, leveraging existing Hadoop infrastructure. Spark SQL and DataFrames foster schema-based data analysis, streamlining data modeling and querying, while Spark Streaming handles real-time data processing. These capabilities position Spark as a cornerstone for fast, reliable, and scalable big data analytics in modern organizations.

Storage Best Practices and Data Modeling

Efficient data storage in Hadoop involves strategic decisions about data organization and schema design. Structured data can be modeled as tables within Hive or Impala, which provide SQL-like querying capabilities over large datasets. Proper partitioning and bucketing optimize query performance by reducing data scans. Columnar storage formats such as Parquet or ORC are recommended for analytical workloads, offering compression and faster access. For semi-structured or unstructured data, HBase or native HDFS file formats are suitable. Adhering to best practices for data modeling, such as normalization and denormalization based on query patterns, ensures that storage is optimized for performance and cost-efficiency.

Conclusion

The Hadoop ecosystem provides a comprehensive platform for managing the entire data processing lifecycle, from ingestion through to analysis. Tools like Sqoop, Flume, Spark, Hive, and Impala, integrated with core components like HDFS and YARN, facilitate scalable, fault-tolerant, and high-performance data processing. As data volumes and velocities continue to grow, optimizing data storage, processing, and management within this ecosystem remains critical for deriving actionable insights and maintaining competitive advantage in data-driven environments.

References

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• White, T. (2015). Hadoop: The Definitive Guide. O'Reilly Media.
• Madden, S. R. (2012). From Databases to MapReduce. IEEE Data Eng. Bull., 35(1), 28-33.
• Farris, M., & Siltala, J. (2018). Data Ingestion in Big Data Ecosystems. Journal of Big Data Analytics, 3(2), 45-59.
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