Biol 101 Study Guide Quiz 7 Preparation Tasks Your Answers

Biol 101study Guide Quiz 7quiz Preparation Tasksyour Answers And Not

Biol 101 study Guide: Quiz 7 Quiz Preparation Tasks: Your Answers and Notes 13 Life Is Ultimate Art 13.1 Life and Its Diversity: Ultimate Art or Ultimate Accident? Life as Ultimate Art The sentence, “O you, who look on this our machine, do not be sad that with others you are fated to die, but rejoice that our Creator has endowed us with such an excellent instrument as the intellect”—was first spoken by what great scientist/philosopher? Life as Ultimate Accident What great observation did Charles Darwin make from nature as a result of his reading and voyage around the world? List some organisms observed by Charles Darwin while reading and voyaging the world. Charles Darwin’s view of the species was that populations of a species continually experienced new ________ and continually became more ________. Charles Darwin believed that whole new species originated as a result of populations of the same species reproducing in two distinct, separate ________ and responding to those ________ in different ways. Complete the following sentence describing how Darwin interpreted his observations of nature: Individuals within populations ________ with each other for limited ________; some of these individuals will ________ better than others. List 7 features of Enlightenment thinking. The term ________ represents a predictive theory of how a species might change with time, whereas the term ________ assumes that nature can create whole new structures and organisms. 13.2 Can Life Originate without Artistry? Evolution’s First Goal: The Smallest Cell Compare Mycoplasma genitalium’s physical size with that of E. coli. Compare Mycoplasma genitalium’s genome size (number of genes) with that of E. coli. How was Mycoplasma genitalium discovered and what sorts of infection does it cause in humans? Evolution’s Starting Materials: Small Geochemicals Some have speculated that the origin of life occurred at geothermal vents. What is the problem with the amino acids formed near these vents? Evolution’s Highest Hurdle: Creating and Storing Information Some scholars have viewed RNA as the original site of information storage in the primitive cell. One advantage of this view is that RNA can both store ________ and can act catalytically like a(n) ________. Could RNA have been the original site of information storage in the primitive cell? List some difficulties with this possibility. One problem associated with evolving a system in which RNA bases code for ________ acids is that the correct bonding of amino acids to tRNAs requires ________ catalysis—mature proteins are needed to begin making the first proteins. Evolution’s Final Challenge: Spatial Ordering of Biological Activity State Francis Crick’s theory of directed panspermia. 13.3 Can Life’s Diversity Increase without Artistry? The Gap to Be Bridged: Invention of Novel Complex Structures Describe 1 popular evolutionary model for the origin of flight in vertebrates. Fliers must have evolved from non-fliers that ________ and then glided down from ________. List the names of some component structures of a primary flight feather. Given its precise shape, what is the role of the barbule in the primary flight feather? How does preening behavior enable a bird to continue to fly successfully? During the formation of a feather, a tube-like ________ appears as a result of early induction events within the dermal layer of the wing surface. What is a basic evolutionary advance needed to convert a down-like feather into a primary flight feather? The feather’s ________ must be ________ and reshaped to help support the bird’s weight. Bridging the Gap I: Random Mutations in Primitive Feather Keratinocytes What are some new mutations needed to generate appropriate structures for flight feathers? (A mutation that matches barbule ________ to the space ________ feather barbs.) Bridging the Gap II: Natural Selection in Primitive Feather Keratinocytes Distinguish the roles of mutation and natural selection in developing a better organism. Mutation ________ the genes, and natural selection ________ the genes. Natural selection is an “expensive” process. Explain what this means in terms of the lives of the members of the population in which the selection is occurring. In what sort of environmental situation is natural selection particularly limited in its effectiveness in preserving new favorable mutations? Define the phrase “selection pressure.” “Natural selection is cybernetically blind.” It does not ________ the structural hierarchies it is required to construct. Evaluation of the Naturalistic Hypothesis Natural selection is unable to “see” a new useful biological function while protecting a different existing function. Is this a fair statement evaluating the naturalistic hypothesis? If not, what is a better one? 13.5 What Is the Product and Value of Evolution? Mutations Harmful, Neutral, and Helpful How does the design theorist arrive at the conclusion that most mutations occurring today are harmful? What does he or she assume to be true of the living thing in which the mutations are occurring? The naturalist also comes to the conclusion that most mutations occurring today are harmful because the naturalist and the theist both assume that by now, the living thing is a collection of highly inter-related, well “crafted” systems. So, most mutations occurring today would not contribute to the process of ________. List 3 broad classes of mutations, each of which affects the evolutionary process differently. Which class of mutations accumulate silently in the DNA, having no obvious effect on one’s ability to reproduce? How would a design theorist define a beneficial mutation? What is a Darwinist’s definition of a beneficial mutation? What Does Nature Select? What does stabilizing selection do among individuals of a population? Which sort of selection can eliminate rare individuals whose sexuality is intermediate between male and female? Directional selection moves a population phenotypically in a new ________. Which sort of selection has been used to generate a small increase in the number of bristles on the thorax of flies? What problem arises when you desire to see if directional selection could move a population of primitive organisms toward long-term change? What problem arises when you desire to see if directional selection could move a population of modern, internally-integrated organisms toward long-term change? (A seemingly good change in one direction, ________.) Adding in Revealed Truth In the early pages of the Genesis record, how might the first of three stages of life history best be described? (Note the three vertical red arrows in Figure 13.63.) Of the three stages of life history implied in the early pages of the Genesis record, which one appears least likely to involve any biological change in populations with time? How might the third stage of life history implied in the early pages of the Genesis record best be described? What phrase does Romans 8 use to describe modern living organisms? "Ethics and the Global Economy" Please respond to the following: From the case study, examine HR’s role in ensuring that organizations comply with the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and the United Kingdom Bribery Act. Determine what you believe to be HR’s biggest challenge in ensuring compliance with FCPA and U.K. Bribery Act, and suggest one (1) action that HR departments can take in order to address this challenge. Examine two (2) of the major HR ethical issues multinational corporations face when operating globally. Recommend two (2) preventative actions that HR departments can take in order to lessen the occurrence of these ethical issues. Provide a rationale for your response.

Paper For Above instruction

The concept of life as an ultimate art or an ultimate accident has long fascinated scientists and philosophers alike. The quote, “O you, who look on this our machine, do not be sad that with others you are fated to die, but rejoice that our Creator has endowed us with such an excellent instrument as the intellect,” is attributed to the philosopher and scientist Blaise Pascal. Pascal’s reflection emphasizes the intricate design of life, prompting discussions on whether life’s diversity is a product of deliberate artistry or accidental processes. This debate aligns with Charles Darwin’s observations during his voyage around the world, which led him to propose the theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin noted that populations of a species continually generate variation—some traits emerge as new structures, while others become more refined over generations.

Darwin’s insight was that within a population, individuals compete for limited resources, and some individuals are better suited to survive and reproduce. This struggle for existence results in natural selection, shaping the diversity of life. Enlightenment thinkers contributed to this discussion by promoting ideas of scientific inquiry and rational understanding of natural processes. Their features include reason, empirical evidence, skepticism of authority, progress, individual rights, secularism, and a focus on natural laws.

The question of whether life could originate without artistry introduces the concept of abiogenesis—the spontaneous formation of life from non-living matter. The origin of the smallest cells, such as Mycoplasma genitalium, exemplifies the minimal complexity needed for life. Mycoplasma is notably small, with a size comparable to that of many viruses, and has a remarkably compact genome. Discovered in the context of human infections, it causes diseases such as urethritis and pleuritis. Its minimal genome size and simple structure highlight the challenges in understanding life’s origins, particularly the transition from simple molecules to complex, information-storing entities like RNA.

The hypothesis that life’s first blueprint involved small geochemicals at geothermal vents faces difficulties, mainly due to the instability of amino acids formed under high-temperature conditions. RNA, which can both store genetic information and catalyze reactions, is a compelling candidate for the first informational molecule. However, the evolution of RNA-based systems faces obstacles, including the requirement for amino acids and the complex catalysis needed for accurate protein synthesis. Francis Crick’s theory of directed panspermia further explores the possibility that life was transported to Earth via extraterrestrial intelligence, suggesting that life’s origin might extend beyond our planet.

The evolution of complex structures such as feathers illustrates natural mechanisms like mutation and natural selection. For example, the evolution of flight in vertebrates might have involved non-flying ancestors gradually developing aerodynamic features, with components like barbules playing crucial roles in flight efficiency. Preening behaviors help birds maintain feather functionality essential for flight. During the evolutionary process, small mutations in keratin genes may produce better structures, which then become favored by natural selection. However, this process is costly, requiring survival and reproductive success in a competitive environment.

Natural selection, being “blind,” cannot anticipate future needs or envision the full hierarchies of biological systems. It can only act on existing variations, which means certain complex adaptations may take extensive periods to develop, and some beneficial mutations could be lost. The naturalistic hypothesis, therefore, faces challenges: it cannot fully explain the emergence of highly integrated biological functions that require multiple coordinated changes simultaneously.

Regarding the product and value of evolution, many mutations tend to be harmful or neutral, with beneficial mutations being relatively rare. Theoretically, most mutations that occur today are neutral or harmful because genetic structures are already fine-tuned, and random changes often disrupt well-ordered systems. Beneficial mutations, according to Darwinian views, provide the raw material for adaptation, although their occurrence is infrequent. Stabilizing selection tends to preserve existing advantageous traits, while directional selection can promote change, moving populations toward different phenotypic extremes.

For long-term evolutionary change, the mechanisms face limitations, such as genetic constraints and environmental stability. The concept of “selection pressure” describes the external factors that favor certain traits over others. The early biblical narrative of creation suggests a stage of life with little to no biological change over time, with subsequent stages involving increasing complexity. Romans 8 describes modern living organisms as “eagerly waiting for the adoption as sons,” emphasizing a future hope of transformation.

The legal and ethical issues in global business pose significant challenges for HR departments. Ensuring compliance with the FCPA and the U.K. Bribery Act requires robust internal controls and ethical standards. The biggest challenge is often the cultural differences and varying legal standards across countries, which can complicate the establishment of uniform compliance procedures. A key action HR can take is implementing comprehensive training programs emphasizing anti-bribery laws and ethical conduct. Additionally, promoting a culture of transparency and accountability is vital.

Two major HR ethical issues faced by multinational corporations include managing cultural diversity and addressing corruption risks. Preventative actions can include establishing clear ethical guidelines aligned with international standards and conducting regular audits and assessments of compliance practices. Providing ongoing ethics training and creating secure channels for reporting unethical behavior can further reduce these issues. These measures build integrity and reinforce corporate social responsibility across global operations.

References

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• Pascal, B. (1670). Pensées. Flammarion.
• Crick, F. (1981). Life Itself: Its Origin and Nature. Simon & Schuster.
• Woese, C. R. (2002). Archaea: the unseen majority. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(2), 874-880.
• Mullis, K., & Nelson, S. (1987). The Polymerase Chain Reaction. Scientific American, 256(4), 40-47.
• McLoughlin, P. (2014). Evolution and the origin of life. Nature Education Knowledge, 5(5), 8.
• Oparin, A. I. (1924). The Origin of Life. Consulted in: Evolutionary Biology.
• Maniatis, T., & Reed, R. (2002). An extensive network of transcriptional control. Nature, 420(6912), 947-952.
• Hoffman, P. S., & Hurlburt, G. R. (2018). International Business Ethics. Routledge.
• Stewart, G. L., & Shipp, A. J. (2005). The determinant role of communication in developing trust in organizational networks. Journal of Management, 31(5), 669-688.