BIOS251 WK 7 PPT Presentation Template Student Name

BIOS251 WK 7 PPT Presentation Template Student Name Name of Assignment

Identify and describe a specific medical disorder, including its definition, epidemiology, and the nursing implications related to its structural, cellular, or functional abnormalities. Discuss the etiology, clinical presentation (signs and symptoms), and risk factors associated with the disorder. Support your discussion with credible references formatted in APA style.

Sample Paper For Above instruction

The focus of this paper is to explore a particular medical disorder comprehensively, encompassing its definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and relevance to nursing practice. For this purpose, I have selected Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), a prevalent chronic metabolic disorder with significant implications for patient care across various healthcare settings.

Introduction

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, leading to hyperglycemia (American Diabetes Association [ADA], 2022). It is distinguished from Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus by its gradual onset, association with obesity, and primarily being a consequence of lifestyle factors and genetic predisposition. As one of the most common chronic illnesses globally, T2DM presents substantial challenges in management and prevention, emphasizing the importance of understanding its pathophysiology and nursing considerations.

Definition of the Disorder

T2DM is defined as a disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion (World Health Organization [WHO], 2021). Unlike Type 1 diabetes, where autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leads to absolute insulin deficiency, T2DM involves functional impairment of insulin action and secretion, often compounded by obesity and metabolic syndrome.

Epidemiology

The epidemiology of T2DM indicates a rising prevalence worldwide, especially in middle-aged and older adults. According to the ADA (2022), approximately 90-95% of all diabetes cases are Type 2. Risk factors include obesity, sedentary lifestyle, family history, ethnicity (higher prevalence in African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans), and advancing age. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2023) reports that in the United States, over 37 million people have diabetes, with the majority being T2DM, underlining the disease's significant public health burden.

Nursing Correlation

The abnormality in T2DM is primarily physiological, involving impaired insulin action and secretion. On a cellular level, insulin resistance diminishes glucose uptake by muscle and adipose tissue, while pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction reduces insulin production. Structurally, chronic hyperglycemia damages blood vessel walls, nerves, and organs, contributing to complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy (Kumar & Clark, 2017). Understanding these abnormalities assists nurses in developing targeted interventions and patient education strategies to manage blood glucose levels effectively.

Etiology

The etiology of T2DM is multifactorial, with key contributing factors including genetic predisposition, obesity (particularly central adiposity), physical inactivity, poor diet, and metabolic syndrome components like hypertension and dyslipidemia (Zimmet et al., 2019). These conditions promote insulin resistance, which is central to disease development. Environmental factors interplay with genetics, modulating individual risk and disease progression (Defronzo, 2018).

Defining Characteristics

The clinical presentation of T2DM varies but commonly includes symptoms reflective of hyperglycemia. The three most frequent signs are polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. Corresponding symptoms often include fatigue, blurred vision, and slow-healing wounds. Clinical features may also include recurrent infections and tingling sensations in the extremities, indicative of diabetic neuropathy. These signs and symptoms, coupled with laboratory findings such as elevated fasting glucose and HbA1c, confirm the diagnosis (American Diabetes Association [ADA], 2022).

Risk Factors

Major risk factors for developing T2DM involve lifestyle and genetic components. Obesity, especially visceral fat accumulation, significantly increases insulin resistance. Sedentary behavior and unhealthy diets rich in refined sugars and saturated fats contribute further. Other risk factors include ethnicity, age over 45 years, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and a family history of diabetes (Zimmet et al., 2019). Identifying these factors in clinical practice enables early intervention to prevent or delay disease onset.

Conclusion

Understanding Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus from its pathophysiology to its clinical implications is essential for nurses to deliver effective care. Recognizing the disease’s metabolic and structural abnormalities allows for tailored management strategies aimed at controlling hyperglycemia and preventing complications. Continued client education and lifestyle modification remain primary components of comprehensive nursing care in managing T2DM.

References

• American Diabetes Association. (2022). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022. Diabetes Care, 45(Suppl 1), S1–S2.
• Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023). National Diabetes Statistics Report. CDC.
• Defronzo, R. A. (2018). From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: A new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes, 57(4), 977–983.
• Kumar, P., & Clark, M. (2017). Kumar & Clark’s Clinical Medicine (9th ed.). Elsevier.
• World Health Organization. (2021). Classification of diabetes mellitus. WHO Report.
• Zimmet, P., Alberti, G., & Shaw, J. (2019). Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature, 414(6865), 782–787.