Bromine Has Two Naturally Occurring Isotopes Br 79 And Br 81

1bromine Has Two Naturally Occurring Isotopes Br 79 And Br 81 And H

1. Bromine has two naturally occurring isotopes (Br-79 and Br-81). Its average atomic mass is 79.904 amu. The mass of Br-81 is 80.9163 amu, and its natural abundance is 49.31%. Calculate the mass and natural abundance of Br-79.

2. Fluorine-18 is a radioisotope used in medical imaging with a half-life of 109.8 minutes. Provide the complete balanced nuclear equation for its positron decay. Determine the fraction of a sample of Fluorine-18 remaining after 4.0 hours, and calculate the mass of Fluorine-18 left after this period from an initial 0.500 g dose.

3. Your research group plans to conduct experiments at CERN involving nuclear reactions: a) Balancing the reaction where Curium-247 is collided with an alpha particle, ejecting a proton, and identifying the product element; b) balancing the reaction where Nitrogen-14 collides with Thorium-232, ejecting 2 neutrons, and identifying the resulting element.

4. Explain how radiation exposure can cause diseases like cancer, yet be used as a therapy to cure cancer, highlighting the contrasting effects of radiation on health.

5. Calculate the total heat in joules needed to convert 32.0 g of liquid ethanol at 12.0 °C to its gaseous form at 78.0 °C, considering ethanol’s specific heat capacity and heat of vaporization.

6. A perfect gold cube with a mass of 0.1830 kg and density of 19.3 g/cm³ undergoes thermal analysis: a) Find the volume of the gold cube; b) Determine the final temperature after adding 124.4 cal of energy, starting from 25.0 °C.

Paper For Above instruction

Understanding isotopic compositions and nuclear reactions is fundamental in modern chemistry and physics. Bromine’s isotopic nature and fluorine-18’s radioactive decay exemplify the intricacies of atomic stability and radioactive transformations. Furthermore, practical applications such as medical imaging and nuclear engineering at CERN demonstrate how nuclear processes are harnessed for technology and health, despite inherent risks. This paper explores these topics comprehensively, emphasizing atomic structure, nuclear reactions, and thermodynamic principles.

Isotopic Composition and Atomic Mass Calculation of Bromine

Bromine naturally occurs as two isotopes, Br-79 and Br-81. Given the average atomic mass (79.904 amu) and the abundance of Br-81 (49.31%), we can derive the isotopic abundance of Br-79 and its nuclear mass. Let the abundance of Br-79 be denoted by x. As the total natural abundance sums to 100%, the abundance of Br-81 is 49.31%, and that of Br-79 is (100% - 49.31%) = 50.69%. The average atomic mass equation is:

(Atomic mass of Br-79 × abundance of Br-79) + (Atomic mass of Br-81 × abundance of Br-81) = average atomic mass

Calculating,

x × 78.9183 + 0.4931 × 80.9163 = 79.904

Rearranging to solve for x:

x = (79.904 - 0.4931 × 80.9163) / 78.9183

x ≈ (79.904 - 39.909) / 78.9183 ≈ 39.995 / 78.9183 ≈ 0.507

Therefore, the natural abundance of Br-79 is approximately 50.69%, and its atomic mass is about 78.9183 amu.

Radioactive Decay of Fluorine-18

Fluorine-18 undergoes positron emission, which involves the conversion of a proton into a neutron with the emission of a positron and a neutrino. The complete balanced nuclear equation is:

^18F → ^18O + β+ + ν_e

where β+ represents the positron emitted, and ν_e is the electron neutrino.

Using the decay law N = N₀ × (1/2)^(t / t_1/2), where t_1/2 = 109.8 min, and t = 240 min (4 hours), the fraction remaining is:

(1/2)^(240 / 109.8) ≈ (1/2)^(2.185) ≈ 0.214

Thus, approximately 21.4% of the initial fluorine-18 remains after 4 hours.

For an initial mass of 0.500 g:

Mass remaining = 0.500 g × 0.214 ≈ 0.107 g

Therefore, about 0.107 grams of fluorine-18 remains radioactive after four hours.

Nuclear Reactions and Balancing

Reaction 1: Curium-247 with alpha particle

Unbalanced reaction:

^247Cm + ^4He → ? + ?

Alpha particle (helium nucleus) adds two protons and two neutrons. Conservation of mass and atomic numbers yields the product:

^247Cm + ^4He → ^250Cf + p

Where the product element is Californium-250, and a proton is ejected:

Balance:

• Atomic numbers: 96 + 2 = 98; 98 = atomic number of Californium (Cf), confirmed.
• Mass numbers: 247 + 4 = 251; after ejecting a proton (mass 1), the residual is 250, consistent with ^250Cf.

Reaction 2: Nitrogen-14 with thorium-232

Initial unbalanced reaction:

^14N + ^232Th → ? + 2n

The conservation of atomic number:

7 + 90 = 97, the total atomic number after the reaction must be 97, aligning with Berkelium (Bk). The reaction balances as:

^14N + ^232Th → ^244Bk + 2n

Mass numbers:

14 + 232 = 246; after ejection of two neutrons (2×1=2), the mass number is 244.

Final product: Berkelium-244.

Radiation Effects and Medical Use

Radiation exposure can damage DNA and cause mutations, leading to diseases such as cancer. Ionizing radiation affects cellular components by ionizing atoms and molecules, disrupting cellular function and potentially resulting in malignant transformations. Conversely, controlled doses of radiation are employed in cancer therapy, like radiation therapy, where high-energy radiation targets and destroys cancer cells. The key distinction lies in dosage, timing, and targeting: therapeutic radiation is localized and carefully calibrated to damage malignant cells while sparing healthy tissue, differing fundamentally from uncontrolled environmental exposure that damages tissues indiscriminately.

Thermal Calculations for Ethanol

To calculate the total heat required to convert 32.0 g of ethanol at 12.0 °C to vapor at 78.0 °C, we consider two steps: heating the liquid to its boiling point, then vaporization.

1. Heating from 12.0 °C to 78.0 °C (temperature change ΔT = 66.0 °C):

Q_heat = mass × specific heat × ΔT = 32.0 g × 2.46 J/g°C × 66.0°C ≈ 5187.52 J

2. Vaporization at 78.0 °C:

Q_vap = mass × heat of vaporization = 32.0 g × 841 J/g = 26,912 J

Total heat Q_total = Q_heat + Q_vap ≈ 5187.52 + 26912 ≈ 32199.52 J

Properties of a Gold Cube: Volume and Temperature Change

Part a: Volume of the gold cube

Mass of gold cube = 0.1830 kg = 183 g

Density of gold = 19.3 g/cm³

Volume = mass / density = 183 g / 19.3 g/cm³ ≈ 9.48 cm³

Part b: Temperature increase after energy input

Energy added = 124.4 cal = 124.4 × 4.184 J ≈ 520.75 J

Specific heat capacity of gold = 0.0309 cal/g°C = 0.0309 × 4.184 J/g°C ≈ 0.129 J/g°C

Temperature change ΔT = Energy / (mass × specific heat)

ΔT = 520.75 J / (183 g × 0.129 J/g°C) ≈ 520.75 / 23.607 ≈ 22.05°C

Final temperature = initial temperature + ΔT = 25.0°C + 22.05°C ≈ 47.05°C

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