Calculating Stream Gradient: Streams Gradient Is The Slope ✓ Solved

Calculating Stream Gradienta Streams Gradient Is The Slope

A stream's gradient is the slope of a stream, or its change in elevation over a given horizontal distance. More simply, the gradient is the distance the stream falls vertically from one point on the landscape to another. To calculate the stream gradient, identify the change in elevation of a stream and divide this change in elevation by the measured horizontal distance over which the stream has flowed.

Below are two schematic drawings of streams flowing across two contour lines from Point A to Point B. Calculate the gradients of each of these streams and add the answer to the attached answer worksheet.

Example A

The contour interval is 25 m and two contour lines are crossed. The horizontal distance is based on the map scale of 1:15000. In this example, the length of the line running between A and B on the map is 2 cm.

Answer the following questions: a) What is the change in elevation in meters between Points A and B? b) What is the horizontal distance between Points A and B in kilometers? c) What is the stream gradient in m/km?

Example B

The contour interval is 10 m and the map scale is 1:5000. The length of the line running from Point A to Point B is 2 cm.

Answer the following questions: a) What is the change in elevation in meters between Points A and B? b) What is the horizontal distance between Points A and B in kilometers? c) What is the stream gradient in m/km?

Philipp, Mississippi Quadrangle Map

The distance between the "mile 210" and "mile 215" points is 8.25 miles, and the distance between these points following the Pecan Point Cutoff is 5.05 miles. Using this information, answer the following questions: a) How many miles is saved by the cutoff? b) If the elevation is 119 ft at mile 215 and 116 ft at mile 210, what is the gradient using the oxbow meander? c) What is the gradient using the Pecan Point Cutoff?

Discussion Responses

Discussion #1

1. I find Elrod's view of the Concert of Europe more convincing as it emphasizes the importance of diplomatic engagement and collective decision-making among European powers, fostering stability in the region. The events of the 19th century demonstrated how collective efforts could avert conflict, unlike Kagan's perspective which suggests that power dynamics alone dictate international relations.

2. Collective security could be a realistic approach to international security if there is genuine commitment among member states to uphold peace. However, historical challenges, such as differing national interests and the complexity of global dynamics, make it difficult to achieve in practice.

Discussion #2

1. The argument that the post-WWII order is a result of U.S. hegemonic power is more convincing due to the significant influence the U.S. wielded in shaping international policies and institutions during the Cold War. The multilateral framework often reflects U.S. interests rather than a purely collaborative effort among nations.

2. The P-5 veto has been a double-edged sword; it was necessary for securing the participation of major powers in the UN, but it has hindered the organization's ability to act decisively in crises. If I were to design the UN, I would consider implementing a system of checks and balances that allows for majority rule on certain issues to avoid paralysis due to conflicting interests.

3. The USSR's participation in the UN was likely motivated by a desire for influence in shaping post-war order, while its opposition to the Marshall Plan stemmed from ideological differences and the perception that it would undermine its political control in Eastern Europe.

Discussion #3

1. International law operates more as a set of agreed norms and principles rather than strict laws; enforcement varies significantly, making it complex. However, it plays a crucial role in mediating state relations and promoting justice.

2a. The ICC's focus on African nations can be argued as a reflection of where severe human rights violations occur, supporting the notion of fairness in justice. However, it raises questions of bias against weaker states.

2b. The practical constraints in prosecuting powers like China mean that the ICC's actions in Africa, although arguably necessary, could be perceived as an imposition of Western norms.

2c. The neo-imperialist accusation highlights a critical discussion on sovereignty and the universality of human rights, which warrants a deeper examination of justice mechanisms in the global south.

Discussion #4

1. There is an inherent tension between democracy and international organizations (IO) since IO often prioritize consensus and compromise over majority rule, which can dilute democratic values.

2. If I were president, I would favor option c: relying on forum shopping and ad hoc groupings to address specific issues more effectively, maintaining flexibility while acknowledging the limitations of the UN.

3. The existence of an “international community” is contingent upon mutual recognition of shared interests and values, making it influential yet often fragmented due to varying interpretations of legitimacy and authority.

Discussion #5

In instances where the UN has not played a major role, factors such as member apathy, conflicting national interests, or geopolitical calculations have undermined its effectiveness, exposing limitations in collective security arrangements.

Water Dowsing and Science Comparison

Water dowsing, while appealing to some, lacks scientific credibility due to its reliance on anecdotal evidence and non-empirical methods. Scientific methods emphasize hypotheses, rigorous testing, and peer review, contrasting sharply with the unverifiable claims of dowsers. Evidence suggests that dowsing performs no better than chance, reinforcing its classification as pseudo-science.

Reflective Essay on Wetlands

Growing up near wetlands has greatly influenced my appreciation of these ecosystems. They serve as natural filters, cleaning water and providing vital habitats. The loss of wetlands would significantly impact biodiversity and water quality, highlighting their ecological importance.

Reflective Essay on Water Consumption

Throughout the past two days, I recorded my water consumption, which predominantly consisted of tap water. If required to cut my water usage, I would adopt conservation strategies such as limiting shower times and opting for water-efficient appliances.

References

• Elrod, C. (Year). Title of Book. Publisher.
• Kagan, R. (Year). Title of Book. Publisher.
• Myers, E. (Year). Lifeblood of the Land: Water. Journals/Book. Pages.
• U.S. Geological Survey. (Year). USGS Pamphlet on Dowsing.
• Author, A. (Year). Title of Article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), Pages.
• Author, B. (Year). Title of Book. Publisher.
• Author, C. (Year). Title of Article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), Pages.
• Author, D. (Year). Title of Website. URL
• Author, E. (Year). Title of Book. Publisher.
• Author, F. (Year). Title of Study. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), Pages.