Chapter 7: Networks And Communication Devices Key Top 424198 ✓ Solved

Chapter 7 Networks And Communication Deviceskey Topicsbasic Concept

Chapter 7 Networks And Communication Devices key Topics basic Concept

Chapter 7 Networks and Communication Devices Key Topics Basic Concepts & Terminology Types of Networks Network Media Network Protocols Network Hardware 2 Basic Concepts & Terminology Network is a collection of objects or people which have some common attributes. Computer Network is a collection of computers and other hardware devices which are connected together. In a computer network, users can: Share hardware (printers, scanners etc.) Share software (Google, MyGUST, Office365 etc.) Exchange Data (Dropbox, iCloud, OneDrive etc.) Electronically Communicate with Others (text messaging, voice messaging, video messaging etc.) 3 Basic Concepts & Terminology When devices are connected and ready to send/receive data, they are said to be Online. When devices are not connected or not ready to send/receive data, they are said to be Offline. When a device sends data, the action is also called Transmission. When data is sent to a large number of devices, it is called Broadcast. When data is copied to another device, the action is called Upload. When data is copied from another device, the action is called Download. 4 Architecture is the way networks are designed to communicate Client Server Networks Client: PC or other device on the network that requests and utilizes network resources Server: Computer dedicated to processing client requests 5 Types of Networks – Architecture Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks have all computers at the same level Internet peer-to-peer computing is performed via Internet 6 Types of Networks – Architecture Local Area Network (LAN) Small geographical area (office, campus, etc.) Personal Area Network (PAN) Connects personal devices for one individual, such as his or her portable PC, mobile phone, and portable printer Wide Area Network (WAN) Large geographical area (Internet) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Serves a metropolitan area Municipal Wi-Fi projects 7 Types of Networks – Location Intranet Internal or Private to an organization Is only accessible to members of the organization SIS, Email, MyGUST are Intranet applications Internet Is a Public network Is accessible to every one GUST website is an Internet application Extranet Internal network providing some access to outsiders Individuals outside the organization have limited access Examples of Extranet? 8 Types of Networks – Accessibility Types of Networks – Others Virtual Private Network Secure path over the Internet that provide authorized users a secure means of accessing a private network. Sensor Networks Contain sensors that respond to a stimulus and generate an electrical signal that can be measured or interpreted. Smart thermostats, lights, locks, gates are examples of sensor networks. GUST ID is also used as part of sensor network which recognizes cards through RFID. 9 Network Media Wired Media The PC is physically cabled to the network Common in schools, businesses, and government facilities Wireless Media Typically use radio waves to send data through the air Rapidly becoming more popular in homes and businesses Wireless hotspots are commonly available in public locations 10 Network Media Twisted-pair cable Pairs of wires twisted together Used for telephone and network connections Coaxial cable Thick center wire Used for computer networks, short-run telephone transmissions, cable television delivery Fiber-optic cable Glass or fiber strands through which light can pass Used for high-speed communications Ethernet is the most widely used communications protocol for wired LANs Uses twisted-pair, coaxial, or fiber-optic cables. Original (10Base-T) Ethernet networks ran at 10 Mbps. Newer 100 Mbps, 1Gbps, and 10 Gbps and 100 Gbps versions are common. 400 Gigabit Ethernet and Terabit Ethernet are being considered. 13 Network Protocols Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a family of wireless networking standards also known as 802.11 Also called Wireless Ethernet. Current standard for wireless networks in home and office. Designed for medium-range high speed transmission, latest versions connect devices typically 50 meters away at speeds of up to several Gbps. Wi-Fi hardware built into most notebook PCs and many consumer devices today. 14 Network Protocols Bluetooth was developed as very short range (10 meters) wireless technology but latest version has a much larger range (240 meters) Is used for communication between computers or mobile devices and peripheral devices. Bluetooth devices are automatically networked with each other when they are in range. Connection speed for latest version is up to 2 Mbps. Bluetooth networks are also called Piconets. 15 Network Protocols First Generation Cellular – Had voice only 2G Cellular – Had both voice and data, faster 3G Cellular – A current standard also known as EDGE Typical speeds are between 1 and 4 Mbps 4G Cellular – A faster current standard Typical speeds are between 3 to 15 Mbps Versions include LTE, LTE-Advanced 5G Cellular – Latest generation version being deployed Typical speeds are expected to reach Gigabits per second 16 Network Protocols Modem is a device that connects a computer to the Internet or to another computer Most modems use a phone line The term is used for Internet connection device, even if not connecting via a phone line Type of modem needed depends on the type of Internet access being used Conventional dial-up Cable Fixed wireless DSL 17 Network Hardware Also known as Network Card Connects computers to a LAN Available for both wired and wireless media Is a type of Expansion Card Mostly internal hardware but external models are also available 18 Network Hardware 19 Hub / Switch Central device that connects all of the devices on the network Wireless Access Point Used to connect devices to a network wirelessly Router A device that connects two different networks Connects your home network to internet Is also known as Gateway 20 Network Hardware Chapter 8 The Internet Key Topics Basic Concepts & Terminology Internet Connection Options World Wide Web Electronic Mail (Email) Other Common Applications 22 Basic Concepts & Terminology Internet is the largest and most well-known computer network, linking millions of computers all over the world. Allows sending messages and information across any type of computer and communication media. The internet has been operational for many decades. ARPANET is the previous form of the internet. Initially connected four supercomputers. Eventually grew into today’s Internet. 23 Basic Concepts & Terminology Internet addresses are used to access resources on the Internet IP Address: Numeric address that identifies computers (207.46.138.20) Domain Name: Text-based address that identifies companies or organizations (microsoft.com, gust.edu.kw) Uniform Resource Locator (URL): Identifies Computers or web pages ( , , E-mail Address: Identifies people for e-mail exchange ( [email protected] , [email protected] ) 24 Basic Concepts & Terminology IP addresses are numeric and unique Domain Names correspond to IP addresses Top-level domains (TLDs) identify type of organization or its location 25 .com .edu .net .gov .mil .org .kw .ae .uk .sa .cn Internet Connection Options You need to make three decisions: Determine the type of device you will use to access the Internet (Desktop, Laptop, Smart Phone, Tablet etc.) Select the type of connection desired Fixed Location (DSL, Satellite, Cable etc.) Mobile (Cellular 3G, 4G etc.) Decide on the Internet service provider to be used 26 World Wide Web World Wide Web is the collection of Web pages available through the Internet. Proposed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. Originally had only text-based content. Release of better browsers in 1993 led to graphical content. Wide variety of content available via Web pages today. 27 World Wide Web Web Server: Computer which stores Websites Website: Collection of Webpages Web Browser: Used to display Web pages Website Home Page: The first page displayed when the website is accessed Browser Home Page: The first page displayed when the browser is opened 28 World Wide Web Search Site is a web site that helps find web pages containing information. Examples are: Google, Bing etc. Typically use a Search Engine and a database containing information about web pages to locate appropriate Web pages Search site tools vary by search site Typically search using keywords. Can search for music files, image files, maps, people, videos, etc. 29 World Wide Web To search, type the URL of a search site or search using the Address bar of your browser. For better results: Use Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) Use multiple search sites Use appropriate keywords Use synonyms (different words that mean the same thing) Use variant word forms (variations of your keywords, alternate spellings, etc.) Use wildcards (such as * to search for keyword patterns) 30 Electronic Mail (EMail) Electronic Mail or Email is a service through which electronic messages are exchanged via private networks or the Internet. Email service can be accessed through: Conventional programs (like MS Outlook) or web-based access (like Gmail) In addition to text, email messages can contain photos, attached files etc. 31 Other Common Applications Other activities available through the Internet include: Online Communications (Skype, WhatsApp etc.) Social Networking (Instagram, Twitter, Snap Chat etc.) Online Shopping & Investing (Amazon, Taw9eel etc.) Online Entertainment (Netflix, YouTube etc.) Online News, Reference and Information (CNN, Alrai, Wikipedia etc.) Online Education (MyGUST, edx, Udemy, LinkedIn etc.) 32 Questions ???

Sample Paper For Above instruction

The comprehensive understanding of networks and communication devices is foundational to modern information technology. This paper explores the key concepts, terminologies, types of networks, network media, protocols, hardware, and internet functionalities that underpin today's interconnected world. An in-depth analysis reveals how these elements facilitate efficient data sharing, communication, and access to information across diverse platforms and environments.

At its core, a network is a collection of objects or individuals sharing common attributes, with computer networks specifically connecting computers and hardware devices to enable communication. Users leverage such networks to share hardware resources like printers and scanners, share software applications such as Google Workspace and Office365, exchange data through cloud services like Dropbox or OneDrive, and communicate electronically via messaging, voice, and video calls. Devices are considered online when connected and ready to transmit or receive data, contrasting with offline devices that are disconnected. The act of sending data is termed transmission, with broadcast referring to sending data to multiple devices simultaneously, while uploading and downloading describe copying data to or from a device, respectively.

Networks are architecturally designed in various ways, predominantly employing client-server or peer-to-peer models. Client-server networks feature dedicated servers that process requests from client devices like personal computers, which utilize network resources. In peer-to-peer networks, all computers operate at the same level, sharing resources directly without centralized servers. Peer-to-peer communication is also facilitated via the internet, emphasizing decentralized data sharing. Furthermore, networks are classified geographically and functionally into LANs, PANs, WANs, and MANs, each serving specific scopes—from small office environments to vast global connections.

Location-specific networks include intranets, which are private and restricted to organizational members, providing applications such as internal communication portals like SIS and email, while the internet is a public domain accessible globally, hosting websites like GUST. Extranets extend an organization's intranet to selected external users, enabling limited external access. Accessibility also varies with virtual private networks (VPNs), which secure data transmission over the internet, and sensor networks, which incorporate sensors responding to stimuli, exemplified by smart thermostats, lighting, and RFID systems like GUST ID for access control.

Network media play a crucial role in data transmission, with wired media such as twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber-optic cables serving as physical connections. Wireless media employ radio waves to facilitate mobility and convenience, especially in public hotspots. Twisted-pair cables are common for telephone and internal network connections, while coaxial and fiber-optic cables support higher bandwidth and speed, crucial for high-speed internet and data centers. The evolution of ethernet standards, from 10 Mbps to 400 Gbps and beyond, illustrates technological advancements in wired communications.

Protocols define the rules that govern data exchange across networks. Wi-Fi, also known as IEEE 802.11, is the dominant standard for wireless local area networks, supporting high-speed connections within a radius of approximately 50 meters. Bluetooth, a short-range wireless technique originally limited to 10 meters, now extends up to 240 meters, facilitating device interconnectivity for peripherals and mobile devices at speeds up to 2 Mbps. Cellular technologies have evolved from basic 2G voice and data to 3G (EDGE), 4G (LTE), and now 5G, capable of gigabit speeds, supporting a wide array of mobile applications.

Hardware components such as network cards, hubs, switches, access points, and routers enable physical and wireless connectivity. Network interface cards (NICs) attach devices to LANs, either wired or wireless. Hubs and switches facilitate internal data routing, while routers connect different networks and direct traffic between devices and the internet, acting as gateways. These hardware elements form the backbone of network infrastructure, ensuring seamless communication and data transfer.

Transitioning to the internet, it is the largest interconnected network, originating from ARPANET, initially connecting four supercomputers. Today, the internet supports a multitude of applications including browsing, email, online shopping, gaming, and social media. Internet addresses utilize IP addresses, which are numeric and unique, and domain names, which are human-readable labels mapped to IPs via DNS. Top-level domains (TLDs) such as .com, .edu, and country-specific codes distinguish organization types and geographic locations.

Access to the internet involves choosing devices, connection types (fixed or mobile), and service providers. The World Wide Web, proposed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, revolutionized information dissemination by providing a graphical interface through web browsers. Web servers store websites, which are collections of web pages. Search engines like Google and Bing assist users in discovering relevant content using keywords and Boolean operators, enhancing information retrieval efficiency.

Electronic mail remains a fundamental communication tool, enabling the exchange of messages including attachments over private networks and the internet, accessible via applications like Outlook or web-based services such as Gmail. The internet also supports myriad applications like social networking, streaming entertainment, online education, and remote collaboration, underscoring its integral role in contemporary life and business.

In conclusion, the intricate network architecture, supported by diverse media, protocols, and hardware, along with the expansive scope of internet services, exemplifies the technological backbone underpinning modern connectivity. As advancements continue, such as the deployment of 5G and fiber-optic infrastructures, the potential for faster, more reliable communication expands, fostering innovation across all sectors.

References

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