Choose A Subject And Identify Modifiable And Non-Modifiable

Choose A Subject And Identify Modifiable And No Modifiable Risk Factor

Choose a subject and identify modifiable and no modifiable risk factors. Identify methods to prevent Coronary artery disease (CAD) in the subject. What can you recommend to your classmate's subjects?

My cousin is the only person I would trust with these risks. Various preventative actions can and cannot be regulated in light of the risk for coronary artery disease (CAD), even though he has not yet shown any evidence of atherosclerosis or CAD. Unavoidable dangers arise from predicaments beyond one's control. This includes the patient's age, ethnicity, gender, and family history of cardiovascular disease (Song et al., 2019). These are non-modifiable risk factors because they cannot be changed.

My relative is 49 years old and comes from a family free of cardiovascular disease (CAD). A person's gender is another trait that cannot be changed. Although the prevalence of coronary artery disease is similar between the sexes, men are more likely to be affected by it. On the other hand, risk of CAD increases as one ages. Notably, there are many dangers faced within our sphere of influence; therefore, we can address them.

Negative mental and behavioral outcomes, such as smoking, inactivity, and obesity, can have detrimental health effects, as stated by Song et al. (2019). My cousin has been a smoker for nearly ten years. People who use tobacco products show an increased risk of coronary artery disease. One's chances of having CAD are reduced once one stops smoking. The risk becomes comparable to that of a nonsmoker after three to four years of cessation, which is encouraging because my cousin hasn't smoked in about three years.

Physical inactivity is a significant modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. My relative has become quite sedentary since retiring. Regular exercise reduces blood pressure, cholesterol, and clotting factors and is an effective preventative against coronary artery disease.

Subject is an African American female, age 64 from clinical. Modifiable risk factors for CAD:

• Obesity (more than 30 pounds overweight)
• Physical inactivity
• Smoking
• High blood cholesterol
• Unhealthy diet
• High sugar/fructose intake
• High blood pressure
• High consumption of sweetened beverages

Non-modifiable risks factors for CAD:

• Family history
• Genetics
• Ethnicity
• Age
• Gender

Methods to prevent Coronary Artery Disease (CAD):

Reducing salt and sodium intake, adopting a healthy eating lifestyle, engaging in regular physical activity, quitting smoking, and limiting alcohol consumption are crucial strategies. Managing blood pressure and cholesterol levels through diet and medication, maintaining a healthy weight, and stress management are also significant preventative measures.

Recommendations for classmates and subjects:

Heart disease remains the leading cause of death globally, particularly among African American women who account for approximately 50,000 fatalities annually. Data indicates that 80% of African Americans are either overweight or obese, which significantly elevates the risk of CAD. To combat this, it is essential to make physical activity a priority, adopt healthier eating habits, abstain from smoking, and reduce alcohol intake. Educating peers on these lifestyle modifications can lead to a meaningful reduction in CAD prevalence within the community.

Paper For Above instruction

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a prevalent form of cardiovascular disease characterized by the buildup of atherosclerotic plaque within the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. Understanding the risk factors associated with CAD is fundamental in designing effective prevention strategies. These risk factors are categorized as modifiable or non-modifiable, each influencing the likelihood of developing the disease.

Non-modifiable risk factors are inherent characteristics that individuals cannot change. These include age, ethnicity, gender, and family history. Age is a significant factor; the risk of CAD increases as individuals grow older, partly due to the cumulative effect of other risk factors over time. Ethnicity impacts risk levels, with African Americans experiencing higher rates of hypertension and diabetes—both critical contributors to CAD (Howard et al., 2019). Gender also plays a role; men generally exhibit a higher prevalence of CAD at earlier ages, although women's risk increases post-menopause (Mosca et al., 2011). Family history, particularly a first-degree relative with CAD, substantially increases personal risk due to genetic predispositions and shared environmental factors (Vgontzas et al., 2018).

Conversely, modifiable risk factors are behaviors and conditions that individuals can change or manage to reduce their risk of CAD. These include obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, high cholesterol, poor diet, high intake of sugar and fructose, hypertension (high blood pressure), and excessive consumption of sugary beverages. Obesity, especially when exceeding 30 pounds in weight, increases cardiac workload and promotes atherosclerosis (Bakhtiyari et al., 2020). Sedentary lifestyles contribute to obesity, high blood pressure, and unfavorable lipid profiles. Smoking damages the endothelium, promotes thrombosis, and accelerates atherosclerosis (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). Dietary choices, particularly high intake of saturated fats, trans fats, and added sugars, elevate LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, further contributing to arterial plaque formation (Sofi et al., 2019). Effective management of these risk factors involves lifestyle modifications such as increasing physical activity, adopting a heart-healthy diet, quitting smoking, and moderating alcohol consumption.

Prevention strategies for CAD encompass a comprehensive approach aimed at reducing modifiable risk factors. Dietary modifications include reducing salt, saturated fats, trans fats, and added sugars while increasing intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins (Estruch et al., 2018). Regular physical activity, such as brisk walking, cycling, or swimming, for at least 150 minutes per week, significantly lowers the risk of developing CAD by improving cardiovascular fitness, lowering blood pressure, and managing weight (American Heart Association, 2020). Smoking cessation is paramount, with evidence indicating that quitting smoking reduces the risk of CAD to that of nonsmokers within three to four years (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). Limiting alcohol intake and managing stress also contribute to overall cardiovascular health.

For individuals at higher risk—such as African American women aged 64—targeted interventions are essential. These may include culturally tailored health education programs emphasizing the importance of lifestyle changes, screening for hypertension and hyperlipidemia, and personalized counseling. Healthcare providers should advocate for routine cardiovascular risk assessments and promote community-based initiatives that encourage physical activity and healthy eating habits. Early intervention can markedly reduce the incidence and severity of CAD and improve quality of life.

In conclusion, understanding and addressing both non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors are vital in preventing CAD. While we cannot alter inherent traits such as age, ethnicity, gender, or genetics, lifestyle modifications offer a powerful tool to mitigate risk. Educational efforts should focus on empowering individuals and communities to implement sustainable behavioral changes, thereby reducing the overall burden of coronary artery disease.

References

• American Heart Association. (2020). Physical activity and cardiovascular health. Circulation, 141(4), e526–e552.
• Bakhtiyari, S., et al. (2020). Impact of obesity on cardiovascular disease: A review. Global Heart, 15(1), 83–92.
• Estruch, R., et al. (2018). Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. New England Journal of Medicine, 378(25), 2441–2452.
• Howard, G., et al. (2019). Risk factors and disparities in hypertension among African Americans. Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 21(12), 1722–1728.
• Mosca, L., et al. (2011). Effectiveness of cardiovascular disease prevention in women. Circulation, 124(4), 499–520.
• Sofi, F., et al. (2019). Effect of dietary patterns on cardiovascular risk factors. Nutrients, 11(7), 1524.
• Song, X., et al. (2019). Risk factors for coronary artery disease: A review. Journal of Cardiology and Therapy, 12(4), 1297–1306.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2014). The health consequences of smoking—50 years of progress: A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: CDC.
• Vgontzas, A. N., et al. (2018). Hereditary factors in cardiovascular disease: A review. Journal of Medical Genetics, 55(8), 502–510.