Comm 300 Quiz 1 Fall 2014 Part I Multiple Choice

Comm 300quiz 1fall 2014part I Multiple Choice Worth 1 Point Eachdi

Comm 300 Quiz 1 Fall 2014 Part I: Multiple Choice (worth 1 point each) Directions: Below are 30 multiple choice questions. Please indicate the best answer from the selections given.

1. One of the issues to consider in defining communication is intentionality. Which of the following best exemplifies the belief that communication must be intentional?

a. communication is goal-oriented behavior

b. communication is any interpretation of meaning

c. communication is the perception of power

d. communication is a means by which truth is established

2. Having a conversation with someone over walkie-talkies is an example of which model of the communication process?

a. linear

b. interactional

c. transactional

d. Information transfer

3. Communication is considered transactional when

a. a person waits to hear feedback after sending a message

b. the people communicating send and receive messages simultaneously

c. one person is responsible for sending the message; the other person is responsible for understanding the message

d. each element of the communication process is not connected to the others

4. Selecting the word rage to label your feeling of anger is a process known as

a. feedback

b. decoding

c. encoding

d. semantics

5. I define communication as "the social process of creating meaning." Based on my definition of communication, which of the following theoretical questions is most likely to interest me?

a. does increasing the strength of the arguments in a message lead to an increase in that message’s persuasiveness?

b. what are the communication strategies people use to defend themselves when someone is insulting them?

c. how do communicators reduce apprehension when they meet someone for the first time?

d. how do lovers co-create meaning within their relationships?

6. Littlejohn defines a theory as "any conceptual representation or explanation of a phenomenon." Based on our class discussion, why is it important to notice the word "OR" in this definition?

a. it narrows the definition by making it too inclusive

b. it broadens the definition by including many approaches to theory

c. it strengthens the definition by making anything a theory

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

7. The ultimate goal of communication theory development is to produce an accumulating body of reliable knowledge enabling us to

a. predict, explain, and control communication behavior

b. explain, predict, and manipulate communication behavior

c. predict, understand, manipulate communication behavior

d. explain, manipulate, dominate communication behavior

8. A theorist wonders, "What are the communication strategies people use to end relationships?" In which goal of theory is the theorist primarily interested?

a. understanding

b. explanation

c. prediction

d. control

9. How do the concepts and theories people use in their everyday lives differ from what communication theorists try to do?

a. theorists’ concepts are more abstract; everyday concepts are more concrete

b. everyday concepts are more abstract; theorists’ concepts are more concrete

c. theorists try not to generalize because they want to explain specific communication behavior

d. everyday theories are falsifiable (i.e., can be found to be incorrect), academic theories are not

10. Conclusions drawn from metatheoretical discussions determine

a. what communication phenomenon the theorist observes

b. how the theorist should observe the phenomenon

c. what perspective on communication (laws, rules, systems, rhetoric, etc.) the theorist will take

d. all of the above

11. “Communication is a social endeavor” is a(n) assumption

a. ontological

b. epistemological

c. axiological

d. none of the above

12. A theorist who asks, “Should I develop a theory that will change society's view of gay marriage?” is asking himself/herself a question that pertains to the area of

a. ontology

b. epistemology

c. axiology

d. phenology

13. According to class discussion, we have so many different communication theories because

a. communication scholars hold different metatheoretical assumptions

b. communication scholars define communication in many different ways

c. communication scholars adhere to different assumptions that guide ways of knowing or discovering the world

d. all of the above

14. A communication scholar who uses the covering laws approach is essentially trying to uncover

a. the social norms that influence our communication behaviors

b. cause and effect relationships between communication variables

c. why certain people achieve success in communication and others do not

d. cognitive schemata people use to interpret events

15. As classroom size increases, level of student participation decreases. This hypothesis is an example of a

a. a contextual law

b. a reliable law

c. a positivistic law

d. a probabilistic law

16. Communication rules tell us

a. whether a problem is historical or psychological

b. the difference between encoding and decoding

c. what behavior will result under a given set of circumstances

d. what kinds of behavior are appropriate in a given context or relationship

17. Which type of data would a rules perspective theorist be most happy analyzing?

a. responses to paper and pencil tests or surveys

b. actual dialogue from two people in conversation

c. responses to yes/no questions answered over the phone

d. frequency data from polling people individually

18. The following are possible explanations for the amount of distance between two people when they are speaking to one another. Which of the following best represents a rules approach?

a. if you violate an individual’s personal space they will feel threatened

b. people who want others to like them should use the distance between them to show how they feel

c. if you violate an individual’s personal space, he or she will move away from you

d. Our reaction to someone violating our space is the end result of being confronted with negative stimuli.

19. Sophia wants to answer the theoretical question, “Is birth order related to communication apprehension?” She asks students who have one or more siblings to complete a survey that measures a person’s level of apprehension. Which paradigm is influencing Martha’s choice of research methods?

a. empiricism (i.e., she’s a social scientist)

b. humanism (i.e., she’s a humanist)

c. the systems perspective

d. the rules perspective

20. True or False? Systems theorists believe you can study a part of the communication process (e.g., the sender of the message) in order to fully understand how communication functions in the real world.

a. true

b. false

21. True or False? The property of a system known as calibration is the system’s ability to achieve the same goals through different methods or means.

a. true

b. false

22. Rhetoricians who want to “put things into an intelligible frame” have which of the goals of theory as their primary goal of theory building?

a. understanding

b. prediction

c. control

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

23. Theories about communication phenomena

a. include definitions of concepts

b. may include explanations about the relationships between and among concepts

c. concern abstract ideas

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

24. Imagine, for a moment, two different images: Imagine (1) Dr. Hubbard giving a lecture last Wednesday, and imagine (2) the use of "effective instructional techniques". Which of the following statements BEST distinguishes between these two images?

a. image 1 is a concept, image 2 is a concrete event

b. image 1 is a concrete event, image 2 is a concept

c. image 1 is a concept, image 2 is a theory

d. image 1 is a building block of theory, image 2 is not

25. All theories must

a. contain causal necessity

b. contain practical necessity

c. be logically consistent

d. include hypotheses

26. The statement, “flattery leads to liking” indicates which type of necessity?

a. causal

b. practical

c. academic

d. temporal

27. When you flatter a friend because you want that friend to like you, what kind of necessity is operating in your behavior?

a. causal

b. practical

c. academic

d. temporal

28. A theory which contains only a few simply stated propositions instead of many elaborate propositions is said to be

a. heuristic

b. parsimonious

c. valid

d. testable

29. Edwin went to the library to learn more about a particular theory which attempts to explain the types of communication strategies used by women to end long-term relationships. In the process of investigating this theory, he discovered that many research studies had been conducted to “test” the theory. He concludes that the theory is a “good” theory because it passed the evaluation criteria of

a. scope

b. parsimony

c. heurism

d. validity

30. When you are unable to see the concepts explained in a theory operating in real life, the theory does not have

a. precision

b. scope

c. validity

d. power

Paper For Above instruction

Effective communication theories provide diverse perspectives on how humans develop, interpret, and utilize messages within social contexts. This essay examines the fundamental assumptions underlying two broad paradigms in communication studies: social science and humanism. It explores their ontological, epistemological, and axiological commitments, compares their goals and methods of inquiry, and discusses how these differences shape their respective theories of communication.

Ontological Assumptions

Ontologically, social scientists generally view reality as objective and external to individual perception. They believe that social phenomena, including communication, exist independently and can be systematically studied through empirical observation. For example, a social scientist assumes that communication behaviors, such as speech patterns or nonverbal cues, are observable phenomena that can be measured and categorized (Creswell, 2014). In contrast, humanists see reality as subjective and constructed through human experiences, meanings, and interpretations. They argue that communication is inherently contextual, fluid, and deeply personal, emphasizing the importance of understanding individual perspectives (Schwandt, 2014). The ontological divide thus influences the type of knowledge each paradigm seeks: objectivity versus subjectivity.

Epistemological Assumptions

Regarding epistemology, social scientists emphasize empirical evidence, generalizability, and the scientific method. They contend that valid knowledge about communication is derived from observable data collected through experiments, surveys, or content analyses. The goal is to establish cause-effect relationships that can be tested and replicated (Neuman, 2014). Humanists, however, prioritize understanding subjective meanings through qualitative methods such as interviews, participant observation, and interpretive analysis. They believe that knowledge is constructed, context-dependent, and best gained through empathetic understanding and thick description (Guba & Lincoln, 1994). Therefore, while social scientists strive for objectivity and repeatability, humanists value interpretive insights rooted in individual experiences.

Axiological Assumptions

Axiologically, these paradigms differ in their views on values' role in research. Social scientists tend to pursue value-free inquiry, aiming for neutrality and objectivity, believing that research can and should be conducted without bias (Bryman, 2016). They see values as potential sources of bias that must be minimized. Conversely, humanists acknowledge that values are integral to understanding human communication; they see research as inherently value-laden and influenced by cultural, personal, and ethical considerations (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). Humanist researchers often advocate for reflexivity, recognizing their own biases and the influence of their values on the research process.

Differences in Theoretical Goals and Methods

The divergence in foundational assumptions leads to differing goals of theory and methods. Social scientists aim to formulate predictive, causal, and generalizable theories that explain patterns of communication across contexts (Hovland et al., 1953). They rely mainly on quantitative methods, such as experiments and surveys, to test hypotheses and establish laws or laws-like regularities. In contrast, humanist theorists seek to understand individuals' subjective experiences, co-create meaning, and appreciate the context-specific nature of communication (Brown, 2007). Their methods are primarily qualitative, including interviews, case studies, and ethnography, which allow for rich, detailed exploration of personal narratives and cultural contexts.

Thus, the social science paradigm emphasizes measurement and prediction, aiming for laws of communication, whereas the humanist paradigm emphasizes interpretive understanding and describing the complexity of human experience—a distinction rooted in their differing ontological and epistemological perspectives (Denzin & Lincoln, 2011).

Conclusion

In summary, the contrasting ontological, epistemological, and axiological assumptions underpin the divergent epistemic aims of social science and humanist communication theories. Recognizing these foundational differences is crucial for appreciating the diversity of approaches within communication scholarship and understanding how each paradigm contributes uniquely to our knowledge of human interaction.

References

• Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
• Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Sage.
• Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2011). The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
• Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. in N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 105-117). Sage.
• Hovland, C. I., Lumsdaine, A. A., & Sheffield, F. D. (1953). Experiments on mass communication. Yale University Press.
• Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Sage Publications.
• Neuman, W. L. (2014). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches (7th ed.). Pearson.
• Schwandt, T. A. (2014). The Sage Dictionary of Qualitative Inquiry (4th ed.). Sage.
• Brown, J. (2007). Understanding human communication in context. Routledge.
• Hargie, O. (2011). Skilled Interpersonal Conversation: Research, Theory and Practice. Routledge.