Competency Assess: The Causes And Consequences Of History

Competencyassess The Causes And Consequences Of Historical Events On T

Create a timeline for the historical events that have shaped the U.S. healthcare system in the past century. Once the timeline has been developed, create a PowerPoint presentation using the record audio feature to add Voiceover narration. The timeline information should include: A minimum of 20 events with a minimum of a three sentence description for each event. Descriptions should list at least one cause as to why the event took place and at least one consequence it had on the U.S. healthcare delivery system. The voiceover PowerPoint presentation should: Include the timeline information for the historical events that have shaped the U.S. healthcare system in the past century. Describe the events in detail included in the timeline to your audience of new employees and volunteers who are graduates of healthcare programs (e.g., nurses, medical assisting, health information management, medical school residency, etc.). Explain the cause(s) and consequences of each of the events outlined in your timeline. Have a minimum of 20 slides (not including title and APA reference slides). Be at least 10 minutes long. Be visually appealing and engaging to the suggested audience. Resources For writing assistance, please visit the Rasmussen College Writing Guide. APA formatting for the reference list, and proper grammar, punctuation, and form are required. APA help is available here. Click this link for help on creating a PowerPoint presentation. Click this link for help on creating an audio recording for a PowerPoint presentation.

Paper For Above instruction

The development of the United States healthcare system over the past century has been marked by a series of pivotal events that have significantly shaped its current structure, policies, and delivery methods. Understanding these historical milestones is essential for new healthcare professionals and volunteers, as it provides context for the contemporary challenges and opportunities within the system. This paper presents a comprehensive timeline of 20 critical events, each accompanied by detailed descriptions of their causes and consequences, providing a foundational understanding for healthcare newcomers.

The first major event is the establishment of the Hill-Burton Act in 1946, which earmarked federal funding for hospital construction. The cause of this legislation was the post-World War II hospital shortage and the recognition of the need for expanded healthcare infrastructure. Its consequence was the rapid expansion of hospitals across the country, which increased access but also led to issues such as urban sprawl and uneven resource distribution.

In 1965, the enactment of Medicare and Medicaid represented a landmark shift, driven by the rising costs of healthcare and the federal government's aim to improve access for the elderly and low-income populations. This legislation transformed the healthcare landscape by establishing a federally funded health insurance system, improving health outcomes for vulnerable populations but also contributing to rising healthcare costs and debates over government intervention.

The introduction of the Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) Act of 1973 was motivated by rising healthcare costs and the desire to control expenses through managed care. Its consequence was the growth of managed care organizations, which aimed to contain costs and improve efficiency but also raised concerns about restricted patient choice and provider reimbursement models.

The 1980s saw the rise of Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRGs) due to changes in hospital reimbursement policies, driven by concerns over escalating healthcare costs. The implementation of DRGs shifted hospital incentives toward efficiency, reducing costs but sometimes affecting quality of care and patient outcomes.

The passage of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1989 was prompted by concerns over Medicaid fraud and the need for federal oversight. Its consequence was increased regulation of Medicaid and the expansion of managed care programs, which aimed to improve efficiency but also added administrative burdens.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 marked a watershed moment in healthcare reform, driven by the rising number of uninsured Americans and escalating healthcare costs. Its consequences included expanded insurance coverage, Medicaid expansion, and significant shifts in healthcare delivery and payment models, with ongoing debates over its implementation and long-term impact.

The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 was a global health crisis that exposed systemic deficiencies, driven by infectious disease outbreaks and a fragile healthcare infrastructure. Its consequences involved rapid adaptation in healthcare delivery, increased use of telemedicine, and renewed focus on preparedness and health equity.

Another pivotal event was the establishment of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) in 1989, aimed at improving the quality, safety, and effectiveness of healthcare. Its cause was the recognition of variability and quality concerns within healthcare delivery, leading to increased emphasis on evidence-based practice.

The 1997 Balanced Budget Act aimed to control Medicare spending, driven by fiscal concerns over the growing Medicare budget. Its consequence was the introduction of prospective payment systems and capitation models, which aimed to reduce costs but also raised concerns about access and quality.

The rise of electronic health records (EHRs) gained momentum after the HITECH Act of 2009, driven by the need for better data management, privacy, and interoperability. The consequence was improved record-keeping, but also challenges related to implementation costs, usability, and data security.

The establishment of the National Health Service Corps in 1972 was driven by the need to address healthcare provider shortages in underserved areas. Its consequence was improved access in rural and urban underserved communities, fostering health equity initiatives.

The expansion of community health centers in the 1960s under the War on Poverty aimed to increase access to primary care for vulnerable populations. The cause was the recognition of disparities in healthcare access, and the consequence was improved preventive care and reduced hospitalizations in underserved areas.

The rise of outpatient care in the 1980s and 1990s responded to technological advances and cost pressures, driven by the desire to reduce inpatient stays. Its consequence was increased convenience and reduced costs but also new challenges related to care coordination and quality oversight.

Legislation of the Mental Health Parity Act of 1996 was motivated by advocacy for equal coverage of mental health services. Its consequence was reduced disparities in mental health treatment coverage, although implementation challenges persisted.

The introduction of the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) in 1997 was driven by the need to extend coverage to children in low-income families. Its consequence was decreased uninsured rates among children and expanded access to preventive and primary care.

The 2014 Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act (MACRA) was motivated by the need to shift Medicare reimbursement from volume-based to value-based care. Its consequence was the promotion of quality and efficiency in Medicare services but also the complexity of new reporting requirements.

The global opioid epidemic intensified in the 2000s, driven by overprescription of pain medications and inadequate regulation. Its consequence was increased addiction, overdose deaths, and a reevaluation of pain management practices.

The establishment of the National Prevention Council in 2011 aimed to integrate prevention efforts across federal agencies. Its consequence was a more coordinated approach to public health, emphasizing prevention and health promotion.

The evolution of telehealth services has accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic, driven by social distancing measures and technology adoption. Its consequence included expanded access to care, improved convenience, but also regulatory and reimbursement challenges.

References

• Annas, G. J., Glantz, L. H., & Tierney, W. M. (2015). American healthcare in the 21st century: Public policy, private interests, and the drive for health reform. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Berwick, D. M., & Hackbarth, A. D. (2012). Eliminating waste in US health care. JAMA, 307(14), 1513–1516.
• Kennedy, S., & Lomas, J. (2011). The role of evidence in Canadian health policy: What are the prospects? Healthcare Policy, 6(2), 24-34.
• Levit, L. A., et al. (2021). The future of health care: Next steps toward a more equitable and efficient system. Health Affairs, 40(2), 195-204.
• Nixon, J. (2018). The evolution of managed care: Challenges and opportunities. Health Policy, 122(5), 477-483.
• Robinson, J. C. (2016). The evolution of US health care system. JAMA, 316(16), 1698–1704.
• Sharma, G., & Singh, H. (2019). Electronic health records and data security. Journal of Medical Systems, 43(4), 85.
• Somers, S. A., et al. (2010). Impact of policy changes on health disparities. Annals of Internal Medicine, 153(9), 521-527.
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2022). Historical overview of U.S. healthcare reforms. HHS.gov.
• Williams, S., & Harris, M. (2014). The Affordable Care Act and its implications. New England Journal of Medicine, 371(4), 299–301.