Complete With Detailed Explanations In An Excel Format

Complete With Detailed Explanations In An Excel Format The Answers Ne

Complete with detailed explanations in an excel format. The answers need to be highlighted. Problem Set #3 Hypothesis Testing 1. The Connecticut Board of Education is concerned that first year male elementary school teachers are receiving lower salaries than their female counterparts. Two independent random samples have been selected: 720 observations from population 1 (male elementary school teachers) and 710 from population 2 (female elementary school teachers). The sample means obtained are X1(bar)=$35 k and X2(bar)=$36 k. It is known from previous studies that the population variances are 5.6 and 4.0 respectively. Using a level of significance of .10, is there evidence that the first year male elementary school teachers are receiving lower salaries? Fully explain your answer. Simple Regression 2. A CEO of a large pharmaceutical company would like to determine if he should be placing more money allotted in the budget next year for television advertising of a new drug marketed for controlling diabetes. He wonders whether there is a strong relationship between the amount of money spent on television advertising for this new drug called DIB and the number of orders received. The manufacturing process of this drug is very difficult and requires stability so the CEO would prefer to generate a stable number of orders. The cost of advertising is always an important consideration in the phase I roll-out of a new drug. Data that have been collected over the past 20 months indicate the amount of money spent of television advertising and the number of orders received. The use of linear regression is a critical tool for a manager's decision-making ability. Please carefully read the example below and try to answer the questions in terms of the problem context. The results are as follows: Month Advertising Cost Number of Orders 1 $99,430,902, 800, 299, 430, 367, 011, 888, 935, 555, 654, 598, 967, 899, 245, 934, 853, 625, 778, 999, 834, 000. a. Set up a scatter diagram and calculate the associated correlation coefficient. Discuss how strong you think the relationship is between the amount of money spent on television advertising and the number of orders received. Please use the Correlation procedures within Excel under Tools > Data Analysis. The Scatterplot can more easily be generated using the Chart procedure. NOTE: If you do not have the Data Analysis option under Tools you must install it. You need to go to Tools select Add-ins and then choose the 2 data toolpak options. It should take about a minute. b. Assuming there is a statistically significant relationship, use the least squares method to find the regression equation to predict the advertising costs based on the number of orders received. Please use the regression procedure within Excel under Tools > Data Analysis to construct this equation. c. Interpret the meaning of the slope, b1, in the regression equation. d. Predict the monthly advertising cost when the number of orders is 4,800,000. (Hint: Be very careful with assigning the dependent variable for this problem) e. Compute the coefficient of determination, r2, and interpret its meaning. f. Compute the standard error of estimate, and interpret its meaning. Hypothesis Testing on Multiple Populations 3. The Course Manager for AMBA 660 wants to use a new tutorial to teach the students about environmental sustainability. As an experiment she randomly selected 38 students and randomly assigned them to one of three groups which include either a PowerPoint presentation created by the faculty, AuthorGen Presentation created by the faculty, or a well known tutorial by the ABC company. After completing their assigned tutorial, the students are given an Environmental Sustainability quiz. At the .10 significance level, can she conclude that there is a difference between how well the different tutorials work for the students? Students Grades on the Business Ethics Test following the Tutorial PowerPoint Tutorial AuthorGen Tutorial ABC Tutorial You can check your critical value with the following table: Which class of chemical messenger facilitates WBC formation in bone marrow? A Interleukins b. tumor necrotic factors c. colony stimulating factors d. Interferons 2. Often a virus infected cell will release ___________to prevent spread of the infection. a. histamine b. Interferon c. compliment d. perforni 3. In the classical pathway of complement activation: a. compliment is activated within liver cells & released into the blood b. complement binds to an antibody that is bound to a foreign substance c. complement bonds with polysaccharides on a microbial cell wall d. complement inhibits inflammation & binds to a planarins 4. A membrane attack complex is a protein that: a. triggers phagocytes of a target cell by a nearby macrophage or Europhile b. Forms a channel in the target cell membrane that causes cytolysis c. links a pathogen to a RBC so that it is carried to the liver or spleen d. stimulates basophils to attack a multicultural parasite in the body 5. Exudate refers to: a. blood that escapes capillaries passes beyond the skin and leaves the body. b. increased perfussion of capillary beds within the region of an injury c. lymph that flows away from the heart and toward the site of injury. d. fluid that leaves capillaries to “wash†the interstitial space of an injured tissue e. clotting proteins that wall off microbes and prevent them from spreading through the bloodstream. 6.Which is not one of the cardinal signs of inflammation? a. heat b.redness c. loss of function d. numbness e. swelling 7. Sustained fevers that are 1’C above normal core body temperature usually lead to irreversible brain damage: a. True b. False c. Not sure 8. Antigens are: a. something made by a WBC to destroy a pathogen b. something that an antibody or T-lymphocyte binds to c. disorders involving overactive immune systems d. membrane receptors on B lymphocytes 9. Which type of antigen would have the greatest immunogenic? a. One that has small simple, familiar, and abundant b. One that was small but complex and rare c. One that was large complex, foreign and abundant d. One that was large but simple and familiar 10. Poison ivy contains a toxin that acts as a hapten by: a. raising the body’s sensitivity to a wide variety of chemicals such as penicillin b. cutting plasma protein antibodies in half c. preventing effective immune responses by blocking release of bradykinin d. combining with a body protein and then triggering an immune response. 11. Helper T lymphocytes are also known as: a. catatonic T- lymphocytes b. CD8 cells c. CD4 cells d. T8 cells e. memory T-lymphocytes 12. Antigen presenting cells are ______, and they display antigens to both _______ and _________. a. immune cells, B-lymphocytes, T-Lymphocytes b. immune cells, helper T-lymphocytes, cytatoxic T lymphocytes c. any nucleated cell, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes d. any blood cell, helper B lymphocytes, cytotoxic B lymphocytes 13. MHC class 1 molecules on a cell allow it to interact with: a. natural killer cells b. catatonic T lymphocytes c. helper T- lymphocytes 14. Activation of lymphocytes occurs in: a. primary lymphatic structures b. secondary lymphatic structures c. Tertiary lymphatic structures d. effectors such as muscles & glands 15. When they leave the red marrow, pre T lymphocytes have: a. only the CD4 protein b. only the CD8 protein c. both the CD4 and CD8 protein d. neither the CD4 nor CD8 protein e. either the CD4 or CD8 protein 16. If T lymphocytes that failed the negative selection test were not destroyed, one might predict that the persons immune system would: a. cause autoimmune disorders b. exhibit very delayed activity c. be unable to recognize a particular class of pathogen d. exhibit more negative membrane potentials 17. The first stimulation of helper T lymphocyte activation involves: a. BCA of the helper T cell binding with free antigen and engulfing it. b. CD8 of the helper T cell binding with MHC class III of the antigen presenting cell c. CD4 of the helper T cell binding with MHC class I part of the antigen fragment d. CD4 of the helper T cell binding with MHC class II of the antigen presenting cell 18. The second stimulation of cytotoxicT lymphocyte activation involves stimulation of the cell by interleukin 2 released by helper T lymphocytes: a. true b. false c. not sure 19. The second stimulation of a B lymphocyte involves stimulation by: a. II-2 released by catatonic T lymphocytes b. If-4 released by helper T lymphocytes c. bradykinin released by antigen presenting cells d. antibodies released by antigens 20. The interstitial fluid plus any plasma proteins that escaped from the bloodstream are carried back to the blood via: a. Blood capillaries b. lymph nodes c. lymphatic vessels d. lymphatic organs 21. The ______drains the right arm and the right side of the heart and thorax. a. jugular trunk b. right lymphatic duct c. thoracic lymphatic duct d. lumbar lymphatic duct 22. Erythrocytes are antigen presenting cells: a. true b. false c. not sure 23. The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does not: a. have lymphocytes b. produce hormones c. have a cortex and medulla d. directly fight antigens 24. The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the: a. lingual tonsils b. palatine tonsils c. pharyngeal tonsils d. peyers patch 25. Which of the following is not a method that maintains lymph flow? a. skeletal muscle contraction b. breathing c. valves in lymph walls d. smooth muscle contraction 26. The region of the spleen that rich in macrophages, reticular fibers and numerous RBC’s and functions to dispose of and recycle RBC’s is called: a. white pulp b. red pulp c. cortex d. medulla 27. Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work? a. neutralizing antigen b. activating cytokines c. enhancing phagocytes d. agglutinating and precipitating antigen 28. Which of these choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood? a. megakaryocytic b. NK cell c. hemoblast d. polymorphonuclear cell 29. Which blood type is called the universal donor? a. A b. B c. AB d. O 30. Which of the following might trigger erythropolisis? a. Hypoxia of EPO- producing cells b. Decreased tissue demand for oxygen c. An increased number of RBC’s d. Moving to a lower altitude 31. What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production? a. Kidney b. Brain c. Liver d. Pancreas 32. What happens to the iron (Fe3+) that is released during the breakdown of damaged RBC’s? a. It is used to synthesize proteins. b. it is transported to the liver where it becomes part of bile c. It is converted into urobiliogen and excreted in urine d. it attaches to transferring and is transported to bone marrow for use in hemoglobin 33. What is the average normal ph of blood? a. 8.35-8.45 b. 7.75-7.85 c. 7.35-7.45 d. 9.35-9. . The special type of hemoglobin present in fetal red blood cells is _______. a. Hemoglobin A b. Hemoglobin B. c. Hemoglobin F d. Hemoglobin S 35. A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of _____. a. Aplastic anemia b. Polycythemia c. Pernicious anemia d. Sickle-cell anemia 36. Blood plasma is composed mostly of water and contains the protein ____ that acts as a carrier to shuttle certain molecules through the circulation, as well as acts as an important blood buffer a. Fibrinogen b. Gamma globulin c. Heparin d. Albumin 37. The percentage of erythrocytes in the total volume of a blood sample its called the _____. a. Differential white blood cell count b. Hematacrit c. CBC d. Prothrombin count 38. During red blood cell formation, the normoblast ejects most of its organelles, the nucleus degenerates and is pinched off, allowing the cell to collapse inward forming a biconcave shaped cell called a _____. a. Reticulocyte b. Late erythrocyte c. proerythrocyte d. erythrocyte 39. An abnormal excess of erythrocytes that increases blood viscosity, causing it to sludge, or flow sluggishly is called ______. a. Thalassemia b. Sickle cell anemia c. Polycythemia d. Hemorrhagic anemia 40. The balance of the heme group of hemoglobin is split off from globin during the destruction 41. The phase of hemostasis that is triggered by direct injury in vascular smooth muscle causing constriction of the blood vessel is known as ____. a. Platelet plug formation b. Vascular spasm c. Coagulation d. Clot retraction 42. Endothelial cells of an undamaged blood vessel release nitric oxide and ____ that prevent platelets from sticking to each other. a. Clotting factors b. Serotonin c. Prostacyclin d. Calcitonin 43. A dot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel is called a _____. a. Thrombus b. Serotonin c. Prostacyclin d. Calctomin 44. The process that removes unneeded clots when healing of the vessel wall has occurred is known as _____. a. Clot retraction b. Clot repair c. Coagulation d. Fibrinolysis 45. Which sequence is correct for the following events? 1. Fibrinogen fibrin 2. Clot retraction 3. Formation of thromboplastin 4. Prothrombin a. (sequence a) b. (sequence b) c. (sequence c) d. (sequence d) .A lymphatic capillary that picks up dietary lipids in the small intestines is called a (an) : a. cisterna chili b. lacteal c. afferent lymphatic vessel d. trabeculum e. efferent lymphatic vessel 47. The force that drives fluid into lymphatic capillaries is : a. osmosis b. diffusion of both water and solutes c. endocytosis 48. Blood is correctly classified as : a. organ b. tissue c. organ system d. intracellular fluid e. more than one of these choices is correct 49. One of the unhealthy effects of blood doping is to: a. increase the velocity of the blood b. decrease the blood pressure in the arteries c. decrease the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood d. increase the carbon dioxide carrying capacity of the blood e. increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood 50. Which leukocytes are derived from the myeloid line? a. Europhiles b. basophils and eosinophils c. lymphocytes and monocytes d. lymphocytes e. Europhiles, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes BONUS QUESTIONS: 51. Platelets play a key role in _______, but if they are not used they are broken down after about _______ days. a. hemastasis, 50 b. hemostasis, 10 c. hematopoiesis, 12 d. hematapoiesis, 50 A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure. a. increases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space b. increases, and so blood volume is abnormally high c. decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space d. decreases, and so blood volume is abnormally high 53. Fibrinolysis involves ________ of the fibrin framework and it involves the protein _____. a. construction, thrombokinase b. construction, plasma c. construction, actinomyosin d. destruction, plasmin e. destruction, thrombokinase

Paper For Above instruction

Hypothesis Testing: Salary Differences between Male and Female First-Year Elementary Teachers

The Connecticut Board of Education's concern regarding salary disparities prompts the use of hypothesis testing to determine whether statistically significant differences exist between salaries of male and female first-year elementary school teachers. Given data includes sample sizes of 720 male teachers and 710 female teachers, with sample means of $35,000 and $36,000 respectively. Known population variances are 5.6 and 4.0. The significance level set at 0.10 guides the decision-making process.

The hypotheses formulated are:

- Null hypothesis (H₀): There is no difference in the mean salaries of male and female teachers; μ₁ = μ₂.

- Alternative hypothesis (H₁): Male teachers receive lower salaries; μ₁

Given that the population variances are known, a Z-test for the difference between two means is appropriate. The test statistic is calculated as:

Z = (X̄₁ – X̄₂) / √(σ₁² / n₁ + σ₂² / n₂)

Where X̄₁ and X̄₂ are sample means, σ₁² and σ₂² population variances, and n₁ and n₂ sample sizes.

Plugging in the values:

Z = (35000 – 36000) / √(5.6/720 + 4.0/710)
= (-1000) / √(0.00778 + 0.00563)
= (-1000) / √0.01341
= (-1000) / 0.1158
≈ -8.63

The critical value for a one-tailed test at α=0.10 is approximately -1.28. Our calculated Z-value is much less than -1.28,