Concept Maps On These Diseases

Concept Maps on These Diseases

8 Concept Maps on These Diseases

Assignment Instructions

Create 8 concept maps, each following the specific format:

1. Medical diagnosis (the name of the disease)

2. Assessment regarding that disease

3. Nursing diagnosis (multiple possible diagnoses with the format "Nursing diagnosis...related to...as evidence")

4. Expected outcome

5. Interventions

6. Evaluations

The diseases are:

1. Symptomatic sinus bradycardia

2. Symptomatic sinus tachycardia

3. New onset atrial fibrillation

4. Unstable atrial fibrillation

5. Hypertension

6. Hypertensive crisis

7. Atherosclerosis

8. Stable angina

Each concept map should strictly follow this format. Provide comprehensive, detailed concept maps for each condition, structured as illustrated.

Paper For Above instruction

Concept Map for Symptomatic Sinus Bradycardia

Medical Diagnosis: Symptomatic Sinus Bradycardia

Assessment Regarding the Disease: The assessment involves monitoring vital signs, especially heart rate (less than 60 bpm), blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and symptom evaluation such as dizziness, weakness, syncope, or chest discomfort. An ECG is essential to confirm sinus bradycardia. Review of medication history for drugs like beta-blockers or antiarrhythmics that may induce bradycardia is necessary. Assessment of electrolyte imbalances and underlying cardiac disease is vital.

Nursing Diagnoses:

  • Nursing diagnosis: Decreased cardiac output related to inadequate heart rate as evidenced by dizziness and hypotension.
  • Nursing diagnosis: Risk for injury related to syncope episodes secondary to bradycardia.
  • Nursing diagnosis: Activity intolerance related to decreased cardiac output as evidenced by fatigue and shortness of breath.

Expected Outcomes: The patient will maintain adequate cardiac output, demonstrate stable vital signs, and report no episodes of syncope or dizziness.

Interventions:

  • Monitor heart rate and rhythm continuously; check vital signs regularly.
  • Assess for symptoms of hypoperfusion such as dizziness, weakness, or syncope.
  • Administer medications as prescribed (e.g., atropine) to increase heart rate.
  • Evaluate medication regimen to identify drugs causing bradycardia, collaborate with healthcare providers for adjustments.
  • Educate the patient about recognizing symptoms and when to seek immediate care.
  • Prepare for temporary pacing if indicated by severity.

Evaluations: The patient demonstrates stable heart rate, blood pressure within normal limits, and reports no dizziness or syncope episodes. Cardiac rhythm remains stable without further episodes of bradycardia.

Concept Map for Symptomatic Sinus Tachycardia

Medical Diagnosis: Symptomatic Sinus Tachycardia

Assessment Regarding the Disease: Assess vital signs, particularly heart rate (>100 bpm), blood pressure, and oxygen saturation. Monitor for symptoms such as palpitations, chest pain, dizziness, or dyspnea. Review recent activity, stress levels, fever, anemia, or drug use that could provoke tachycardia. Conduct ECG to confirm sinus tachycardia.

Nursing Diagnoses:

  • Nursing diagnosis: Ineffective tissue perfusion related to increased heart rate as evidenced by palpitations and chest discomfort.
  • Nursing diagnosis: Activity intolerance related to rapid heart rate as evidenced by fatigue.
  • Nursing diagnosis: Anxiety related to palpitation episodes.

Expected Outcomes: The patient’s heart rate will return to normal, maintain adequate perfusion, and experience symptom relief.

Interventions:

  • Monitor vital signs continuously, especially heart rate and blood pressure.
  • Assess for symptoms like chest pain, palpitations, anxiety.
  • Encourage rest and stress reduction techniques.
  • Administer medications as prescribed (e.g., beta-blockers) to control heart rate.
  • Identify and manage underlying causes such as fever or anemia.
  • Educate patient on avoiding stimulants and managing stress triggers.

Evaluations: The patient’s heart rate stabilizes within normal limits, symptoms resolve, and no further episodes of tachycardia are observed.

Concept Map for New Onset Atrial Fibrillation

Medical Diagnosis: New Onset Atrial Fibrillation

Assessment Regarding the Disease: Assess pulse irregularity, vital signs, and oxygen saturation. Evaluate for symptoms such as palpitations, chest discomfort, fatigue, or shortness of breath. Obtain ECG to confirm atrial fibrillation. Review laboratory data to assess electrolyte imbalances and thyroid function. Assess stroke risk factors using CHA2DS2-VASc score.

Nursing Diagnoses:

  • Nursing diagnosis: Risk for thromboembolism related to atrial fibrillation as evidenced by irregular pulse and ECG findings.
  • Nursing diagnosis: Decreased cardiac output related to irregular ventricular response secondary to atrial fibrillation.
  • Nursing diagnosis: Anxiety related to new diagnosis of arrhythmia.

Expected Outcomes: The patient will demonstrate regular ventricular response, avoid thromboembolic events, and report understanding of the condition.

Interventions:

  • Monitor heart rhythm continuously; perform regular vital sign checks.
  • Administer anticoagulants as prescribed to reduce stroke risk.
  • Administer medications such as antiarrhythmics as prescribed.
  • Assess for signs of bleeding or adverse medication effects.
  • Educate patient about medication adherence and symptoms of stroke or bleeding.
  • Provide information about possible electrical cardioversion if indicated.

Evaluations: Heart rhythm remains controlled, stroke risk reduces, and patient demonstrates understanding of condition and management plan.

Concept Map for Unstable Atrial Fibrillation

Medical Diagnosis: Unstable Atrial Fibrillation

Assessment Regarding the Disease: Monitor vital signs closely, especially for hypotension, signs of decreased perfusion, altered mental status, or chest pain. ECG shows rapid, irregular atrial activity with hemodynamic instability. Assess for signs of shock or congestive heart failure. Immediate evaluation for possible electric cardioversion.

Nursing Diagnoses:

  • Nursing diagnosis: Decreased tissue perfusion related to inadequate cardiac output secondary to unstable atrial fibrillation.
  • Nursing diagnosis: Ineffective airway clearance related to hypoxia secondary to impaired perfusion.
  • Nursing diagnosis: Anxiety related to hemodynamic instability.

Expected Outcomes: Restoration of stable rhythm, improved perfusion, and stabilization of vital signs.

Interventions:

  • Prepare for immediate electrical cardioversion under physician guidance.
  • Administer oxygen therapy to improve oxygenation.
  • Monitor vital signs and ECG continuously before, during, and after intervention.
  • Establish IV access for medication administration.
  • Provide emotional support and reassurance.
  • Assess for signs of shock or worsening hemodynamics.

Evaluations: Heart rhythm is stabilized with restored perfusion, vital signs are within acceptable ranges, and patient shows improved status.

Concept Map for Hypertension

Medical Diagnosis: Hypertension

Assessment Regarding the Disease: Assess blood pressure regularly; evaluate for symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, vision changes, or nosebleeds. Review lifestyle factors—including diet, physical activity, stress, and substance use. Assess for target organ damage via labs and clinical examination. Check for risk factors like obesity, smoking, and family history.

Nursing Diagnoses:

  • Nursing diagnosis: Risk for decreased tissue perfusion related to elevated blood pressure.
  • Nursing diagnosis: Deficient knowledge regarding disease management and lifestyle modifications.
  • Nursing diagnosis: Risk for injury related to hypertensive crisis or vascular damage.

Expected Outcomes: The patient’s blood pressure will be maintained within target levels, with no evidence of target organ damage, and patient will demonstrate understanding of disease management.

Interventions:

  • Monitor blood pressure regularly; record readings accurately.
  • Assess for symptoms of hypertensive crisis—headache, visual disturbances, confusion.
  • Educate on dietary modifications, medication adherence, weight management, and stress reduction.
  • Administer antihypertensive medications as prescribed.
  • Promote lifestyle changes including exercise and smoking cessation.
  • Evaluate for signs of end-organ damage during assessments.

Evaluations: Blood pressure remains within goal ranges; patient demonstrates knowledge and adherence to treatment plan.

Concept Map for Hypertensive Crisis

Medical Diagnosis: Hypertensive Crisis

Assessment Regarding the Disease: Frequent blood pressure readings exceeding 180/120 mm Hg, symptoms such as severe headache, chest pain, confusion, visual disturbances, or shortness of breath. Urgent evaluation of end-organ damage via labs and imaging. Rapid assessment to determine if hypertensive emergency or urgency.

Nursing Diagnoses:

  • Nursing diagnosis: Risk for decreased tissue perfusion related to sudden rise in blood pressure.
  • Nursing diagnosis: Anxiety related to severity of crisis.
  • Nursing diagnosis: Risk for injury related to hypertensive emergency and neurological symptoms.

Expected Outcomes: Blood pressure controlled within safe limits, symptoms alleviated, and prevention of organ damage.

Interventions:

  • Administer antihypertensive medications as prescribed, titrated to target blood pressure.
  • Monitor vital signs frequently; observe for neurological changes and signs of organ damage.
  • Provide emotional support and explain procedures to the patient and family.
  • Limit stimuli to reduce stress, and position patient supine with head elevated if tolerated.
  • Ensure laboratory work and assessments for organ function are completed timely.

Evaluations: Blood pressure stabilized within target range, symptoms relieved, and no evidence of ongoing organ damage.

Concept Map for Atherosclerosis

Medical Diagnosis: Atherosclerosis

Assessment Regarding the Disease: Assess for risk factors such as hyperlipidemia, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle. Examine for signs of ischemia or vascular compromise. Lab tests including cholesterol levels and imaging studies such as Doppler ultrasound or angiography are essential.

Nursing Diagnoses:

  • Nursing diagnosis: Risk for decreased tissue perfusion related to arterial luminal narrowing secondary to plaque buildup.
  • Nursing diagnosis: Knowledge deficit regarding risk factors and lifestyle modifications.
  • Nursing diagnosis: Anxiety related to potential for cardiovascular events.

Expected Outcomes: The patient will adopt lifestyle changes to control risk factors, show improved vascular health, and understand disease process.

Interventions:

  • Educate about dietary modifications, smoking cessation, exercise, and medication adherence.
  • Encourage routine screening and follow-up for lipid levels and vascular health.
  • Monitor for signs of ischemia, such as chest pain or limb pain.
  • Administer lipid-lowering medications as prescribed.
  • Assist patient in developing a personalized plan for risk reduction.

Evaluations: Improved lipid profile, lifestyle adherence, and reduced symptoms or findings indicative of disease progression.

Concept Map for Stable Angina

Medical Diagnosis: Stable Angina

Assessment Regarding the Disease: Assess chest pain characteristics, frequency, duration, and triggers. Monitor vital signs and oxygen saturation. Evaluate for associated symptoms such as dyspnea, fatigue, or diaphoresis. Use ECG and stress testing as needed. Review medication adherence and lifestyle factors.

Nursing Diagnoses:

  • Nursing diagnosis: Acute pain related to myocardial ischemia as evidenced by chest discomfort.
  • Nursing diagnosis: Knowledge deficit regarding disease management and lifestyle modifications.
  • Nursing diagnosis: Anxiety related to fear of cardiac events.

Expected Outcomes: Relief of chest pain, ability to manage symptoms, and understanding of disease management strategies.

Interventions:

  • Administer nitroglycerin and other prescribed medications as needed.
  • Monitor for changes in chest pain or other symptoms.
  • Educate about how to recognize angina symptoms and when to seek emergency care.
  • Encourage smoking cessation, stress management, and cardiac-healthy lifestyle changes.
  • Schedule regular follow-up and cardiac evaluations.

Evaluations: Patient reports decreased frequency and severity of angina, demonstrates understanding of management plan, and adheres to medication and lifestyle recommendations.

References

  • Fuster, V., & Kelly, B. (2010). Promoting Cardiac Health in the Developing World. World Heart Federation.
  • Libby, P. (2021). Coronary Atherosclerosis and Its Management. New England Journal of Medicine, 385(2), 104–115.
  • American Heart Association. (2022). Understanding Blood Pressure Readings. Retrieved from https://www.heart.org
  • Chamberlain, A. M., et al. (2018). Management of Atrial Fibrillation. Cardiology Clinics, 36(4), 543–556.
  • Yancy, C. W., et al. (2017). 2017 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults. Circulation, 135(23), e396–e486.
  • Benjamin, E. J., et al. (2019). Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2019 Update. Circulation, 139(10), e56–e528.
  • Hypertensive Crisis. (2023). American College of Emergency Physicians. Retrieved from https://www.acep.org
  • Ross, R. (1999). Atherosclerosis—An Inflammatory Disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 340, 115–126.
  • Shaywitz, B. E. (2019). Stable Angina Pectoris. UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com
  • Hughes, J., & Farkas, J. (2018). Nursing Care of Patients with Cardiac Arrhythmias. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 8(4), 55–62.

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