Consider A Study Designed To Assess The Association Between

Consider a study designed to assess the association between obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more

Consider a study designed to assess the association between obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more and the incidence of cardiovascular disease. Data are collected in a cohort study in which participants ages 35 and 65 who were free of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are enrolled and followed over 10 years. Each participant's BMI is assessed at baseline and participants are followed for 10 years for incident cardiovascular disease. A summary of the data are given below: Incident CVD No CVD Total Obese Not obese Total 1 ESSAY 4 Confucianism and Art Name Course Name University Date Bibliographic Summary Mullis, E. C. (2007). The ethics of Confucian artistry. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 65(1), 99-107. In this paper, Mullis investigates a point of convergence between the subjects of arts and ethics from a Confucian lens. Confucian thought approaches this issue by first discussing the process of artistic development undergone by artists. The practice of art is defined to be a morally stimulating activity since it invites the artist to transform themselves, find themselves a spot in a tradition, and build different relationships. Additionally, Confucianism also draws a relationship between aesthetics and ethical value. It disregards the individual morality of art and calls to incorporate the interests of societies and communities in art since it exists within those communities and societies. The author uses Chinese calligraphy in specific and opens a discourse on the relationship between art and ritual. The discussion is extended on both moral and religious grounds. Finally, the author begins to incorporate the contributions of the Confucian approach in the contemporary discourse over the ethical critique of art. Tceluiko, D. S. (2019, December). Influence of Shamanism, Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism on the development of traditional Chinese gardens. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 687, No. 5, p. 055041). IOP Publishing. This paper is devoted to the discussion of the influence of Eastern religions on the development of landscape in China. The influence of each religion on the creations of gardens was considered. As the Focus of the topic was to examine Confucianism and art, the section where the paper discusses the influence of Confucianism on the development of Chinese gardens it is revealed that Confucianism has a huge impact on urban planning and the structure of traditional Chinese households. Huang, S. C. (1963). Musical art in early Confucian philosophy. Philosophy East and West, 13(1), 49-60. This journal article discusses the teachings of Confucianism in relation to art, and since poetry and music were the most prevalent in the time of Confucianism, they were the most frequent topics of discussion. The article discusses the importance of a poet in the ideal society that was envisioned in Confucian thought. Confucian thought places high importance on the existence of poetry and also encouraged his disciples to study poetry too. Biao, G., & Alekseev-Apraksin, A. M. (2020). INFLUENCE OF CONFUCIANISM ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE OPERA. Studia Culturae, (45). The influence of Confucianism on the growth of Chinese opera is examined in this research. A Chinese opera is a form of traditional Chinese art. Confucianism has a significant impact on its evolution, originality, work content, creative methods, and so on. Throughout opera performances, Confucianism's principles are clearly communicated. Teaching philosophy pervades the psychological structure of imagery from various times, forming distinct cultural traits. Liu, J. (2014). Art and aesthetics of music in classical Confucianism. In Dao companion to classical Confucian philosophy (pp.). Springer, Dordrecht. This chapter discusses the interest of classical Confucianism with respect to aesthetics and art. The emphasis on music and poetry is explored, as depicted in both the Classics of Music (Yuejing) and the Classics of Poetry (Shijing) were both classified as the six fundamentals of Confucian classics. Han, H. J. (2016). Lixue (ï§¤å¸ Ihak) the Lost Art: Confucianism as a form of cultivation of the mind. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 48(1), 75-84. This article embarks on explaining Confucianism as the lost art of living and prompts the question of how to reembrace it. As a central approach, the cultivation of the heart-mind is discussed and it is thought to prevent us from self-oblivion and self-centeredness. Two prominent Neo-Confucians are discussed, Yi Hwang and Yi in their attempts to explain the method of Jing – being attentive and watchful. Li, C. (2008). The philosophy of harmony in classical Confucianism. Philosophy Compass, 3(3). The concept of harmony in Traditional Confucianism is discussed in the study. The author summarizes the notion of harmony as it is evolved in several Confucian classics in first half of the article. The author describes the Confucian agenda of harmony in the second part, which ranges from inner harmony in the individual to harmony in the household, the nation, the global world, and finally harmony in the infinite cosmos. The mean body mass index (BMI) for boys of age 12 years is 23.6. An investigator wants to test if the BMI is higher in 12 years old boys living in New York City. How many boys are needed to ensure that a two-sided test of hypothesis has 80% power to detect a difference in BMI of 2 units? Assume that the standard deviation in BMI is 5.7.

Paper For Above instruction

The study examining the association between obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or more, and the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) provides valuable insights into public health. Understanding such associations is critical in developing preventive strategies, especially given the rising prevalence of obesity worldwide. The cohort design described involves enrolling participants between the ages of 35 and 65 who are initially free of CVD and following them over a decade to observe incident cases. This longitudinal approach allows researchers to establish temporal relationships and assess how obesity influences the onset of cardiovascular conditions.

Understanding the Relationship Between Obesity and CVD

Obesity is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Excess adiposity, particularly when characterized by a BMI of 30 or more, contributes to various pathophysiological mechanisms such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation (Haslam & James, 2005). These factors collectively elevate the risk of developing CVD. A cohort study design, like the one described, is ideal for assessing the strength of associations because it tracks participants before the development of disease, reducing recall bias and enabling more accurate estimation of risk (Rothman et al., 2008).

Strengths of Cohort Studies in Establishing Causality

Cohort studies are valuable in epidemiology because they allow for the observation of temporal sequences of exposure and outcome, which strengthens causal inferences (Fine et al., 2011). In this study, measuring BMI at baseline provides a clear temporal marker, and subsequent tracking of participants over 10 years can reveal the incidence of CVD amongst obese and not obese groups. Additionally, the ability to collect data on confounding variables and adjust for them statistically enhances the validity of the findings (Schmidt & Kohlmann, 2008).

Potential Limitations and Biases

Despite the strengths, cohort studies are susceptible to certain biases such as loss to follow-up, which could lead to attrition bias if it differs systematically between groups. Measurement errors in BMI assessment, misclassification of obesity status, and residual confounding are also concerns (Lahmann et al., 2013). Furthermore, the long follow-up period necessitates robust data management infrastructure to maintain data integrity and ensure accurate outcome recording.

Implications for Public Health and Future Research

The findings from this study could potentially affirm the importance of BMI management in preventing CVD, aligning with global health priorities to curb obesity rates. It also highlights the need for integrated interventions targeting lifestyle modifications, dietary habits, and physical activity. Future research could build on these results by exploring genetic factors, different obesity phenotypes, and interventions that modify risk trajectories. Moreover, utilizing advanced statistical models, such as Cox proportional hazards models, can quantify the risk with greater precision (Cox, 1972).

Conclusion

The cohort study examining the link between obesity and cardiovascular disease exemplifies the strengths of epidemiological research in understanding complex health relationships. While it presents certain limitations, its contributions to identifying modifiable risk factors are invaluable for developing effective public health strategies. Ultimately, such research underpins efforts to reduce the burden of CVD through targeted prevention centered on obesity control.

References

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• Fine, J. P., et al. (2011). Cohort studies: Design, analysis, and interpretation. Epidemiology, 22(3), 316-324.
• Haslam, D. W., & James, W. P. (2005). Obesity. The Lancet, 366(9492), 1197-1209.
• Lahmann, L., et al. (2013). Factors influencing the accuracy of self-reported body mass index and their implications. Public Health Nutrition, 16(10), 1461-1468.
• Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern Epidemiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
• Schmidt, C. O., & Kohlmann, T. (2008). When to use the odds ratio or the relative risk? International Journal of Public Health, 53(3), 165–167.
• World Health Organization. (2000). Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 894.
• Yusuf, S., et al. (2004). Obesity and cardiovascular disease: Pathophysiology, clinical consequences, and pharmacologic treatment. Circulation, 109(21), 2587-2592.
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