Content You Can Use, However Make Sure To Find Another 4 Aca

Content You Can Use However Make Sure Find Another 4 Academic Article

Content you can use however make sure find another 4 academic article, book, research book to add it. (and modify grammar errors) 1. a huge contribution factor to the disparity is insurance structure. We have taken a deep look at various insurance structures around southeast USA and we found that Miami has one of the most favorable structures for those in low income communities, so we wish to expand this to other cities and provide the low income communities with more assistance that they would not be able to afford otherwise. Yan has taken the lead on conducting research on this form of insurance and will dive into later. The Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund (FHCF) was created in November 1993 during a special legislative session after Hurricane Andrew.

The purpose of the FHCF is to protect and advance the state's interest in maintaining insurance capacity in Florida by providing reimbursements to insurers for a portion of their catastrophic hurricane losses. Miami is located between Biscayne Bay, Florida's Everglades and the Atlantic Ocean in the southeast corner of Florida, and the main portion of the city lies on the shores of Biscayne Bay which contains several hundred natural and artificially created barrier islands, the largest of which contains Miami Beach and South Beach. It is a gathering place for the hurricane, and there is a high chance that the hurricane will occur. Hurricane poses a huge risk of property damage and serious casualties.

At this time, we need insurance to reduce and spread the risk. And the best insurance at Miami to protest the hurricane is catastrophe insurance. Catastrophe insurance refers to the risk of causing huge property losses and serious casualties due to natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis… Through insurance to diversify risk. It’s Government-led reinsurance program - Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund. The state government assumes the risk of catastrophe as a reinsurer.

The catastrophe insurance program implements financially subsidized rates and enjoys federal tax exemption. Its operation is supervised by the state government's management committee. It is mandatory for insurance companies that operate property and liability insurance in Florida to cover hurricane risks and participate in this hurricane reinsurance fund. It is not mandatory for policyholders to ensure hurricane insurance. (This catastrophe insurance is free for every local dweller) And the catastrophe insurance has the following effects: 1. The function of insurance to spread risks, reduce losses, and protect people's livelihood. It is conducive to protecting the legitimate rights of victims, alleviating social conflicts, coordinating social relations, and promoting social harmony and stability. 2. Through establishing a catastrophe insurance system, transforming financial compensation for catastrophe losses into pre-insurance arrangements, reduce the impact on government finances through the effective transfer of losses caused by natural disasters 3. Establishing a catastrophe insurance system can effectively improve the level of catastrophe risk management. Thereby alleviating the pressure of social management at all levels of government and promoting the construction of a service-oriented government.

The fund sources are mainly: 1. FHCF stipulates that property insurance companies in Florida must purchase reinsurance in proportion from them. (This includes personal residences, mobile homes, commercial, residential structures) 2. the investment income of the fund; 3. If the fund is not enough to make up for the large indemnity expenses, the FHCF can also issue bonds to the society and enjoy the same treatment as government bonds. So Individuals generally don’t need to buy hurricane insurance. However, there is a combination of insurance policies you still need to purchase to protect your home from hurricane damage best and support FHCF.

1. A home insurance policy is the first way to protect your home against a hurricane. 2.Flood insurance: the damage to your home and your possessions caused by an external flood. If a hurricane causes rising flood waters and the water enters your home, you would be covered if you have a policy. 3.Windstorm insurance: the damage to your home and your possessions caused by an external windstorm. However, the aid of Insurance is just to solve post-disaster reconstruction and fund; it does not reduce the actual impact of the hurricane on the local area. The Catastrophe insurance is the best way to do this situation what I know in the insurance part; there is no other city did better way than this one. In sustainability, we find a useful way to increase the reserve fund. It is Insurance-linked securities(ILS). This is a financial product that transfers insurance risk to the capital market. Catastrophic bonds are typical ILS. The insurance company issues catastrophe bonds to investors. If there is no catastrophe within the agreed time limit, the bond investors will get back the interest and principal. If the agreed catastrophe occurs, the trigger condition is reached. The investor will lose interest, even the principal. It’s a feasible way to use high-interest rate to attract an investor, and put these funds into the national treasury or purchase national debt. If hurricane occurs, it will be fund to use: if hurricane not occurs, just use the above fund to pay for the real interest rate. (the original interest rate – the national debt interest rate - inflation) 2. Coastal cities all over the world including asia, india, africa, North America, and Australia South america rarely gets hurricanes Focus more on us coastal cities -Multiple cities on the east coast of The united states - Sub US islands( caribbean, haiti, puerto rico etc.) -specifics; people closer to water( rivers, lakes, oceans) and people who live on lower elevation Poor communities -shown to be concentrated around more industrial settings, resulting in risk of toxic leaks -flood prone areas - poor infrastructure -no money to leave -no money to repair -can't adjust to economic shock as well Rich communities -flood insurance -the ability to migrate out of the area -ability to adapt better to the economy - flood barriers Cinema Project Choose a topic from the following: Motivation Imagery Aggression Anxiety Goal Setting Team Work Injury Negative aspects of sports (drug use, steroids, eating disorders, gambling, and burnout Now choose a film from the site and write a four page (minimum) paper relating the movie to the topic of your choice .

Provide a brief summary of the movie, how is the topic treated, show how the movie presents appropriate and inappropriate strategies of the topic, critique what the movie portrayed, apply what you learned to you field of interest. Use references and include a reference page. Research Paper Choose a sport psychology topic and research the latest information on the topic. You may use sport psych journals, magazine articles, newspaper reports, or newsletters. Be sure to explain the implications of your research to the sport or field of your own interest. This should be five pages minimum and include references and a reference page. 1. 1,250words in length (MLA style citations) ＊should include 10 sources from normal or website，4 sources should be academic sources such as academic article, book, research book. (Works Cited), No personal idea in the essay, (ex, reject to use I think) 2. The first Page will have the outline: · The title · Thesis statement · Topic sentences 3. Then paper should include introduction/body paragraphs/evidence/citations. Thesis statement: The FHCF made an indelible contribution to the natural disaster hurricane at Miami, how does it work? And how to help the poor in the hurricane? Topic sentences 1. Formation of hurricanes and impact on affected areas，what are the different outcomes of the poor and the rich? （Overview, the number of control words is within 200 words） 2. How does catastrophe insurance established by FHCF work and help post-disaster work, how to solve the above problems at Miami? （main question should be write） (use the Existing Literature Review to type: What’s been/being done to address/fix the problem? Who’s doing it? Where is funding coming from? Why are they doing it? What remains to be done? Action plan- be as specific as you can be Likelihood of implementation/success Sustainability (You have access to any $ amount your team needs to get this rolling. But that is it. The rest has to be self-sustainable)) (you can divide this paragraph) 3. summary

Paper For Above instruction

The increasing frequency and severity of hurricanes have underscored the critical importance of robust disaster management strategies, particularly in vulnerable coastal cities such as Miami, Florida. Central to these strategies is the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund (FHCF), a pioneering financial mechanism established in 1993 to mitigate the financial impact of hurricanes on the state and its residents. This paper explores the formation of hurricanes, their differential impacts on socio-economic groups, and the operational framework of the FHCF, critically analyzing its effectiveness and sustainability in supporting low-income communities and the broader goal of disaster resilience.

Hurricanes originate from complex meteorological phenomena involving warm ocean waters, atmospheric disturbances, and specific climatic conditions. Their formation often results in devastating impacts on affected areas, frequently exacerbating socio-economic disparities. Lower-income communities tend to reside in flood-prone areas with inadequate infrastructure, making them more vulnerable to both immediate destruction and long-term displacement following hurricanes. Conversely, wealthier communities generally possess greater resources for adaptation, such as flood defenses and the ability to relocate, which mitigates some of the adverse effects. This disparity underscores the essential need for targeted insurance and governmental intervention to ensure equitable disaster resilience, especially in a city like Miami where the threat of hurricanes is persistent and severe.

The FHCF operates as a government-backed reinsurance program designed to provide financial relief and risk mitigation for insurers covering hurricane-related damages. It primarily collects funds from property insurance companies in Florida, which are mandated to purchase reinsurance proportionally. Additional funding sources include investment income and bond issuance when necessary. This fund enables insurers to pay claims promptly, thereby reducing the financial strain on individual policyholders and facilitating faster post-disaster recovery. Notably, the FHCF provides catastrophe coverage at subsidized rates and enjoys federal tax exemptions, making it a sustainable model for managing natural disaster risks.

Critically, the FHCF’s role extends beyond simple risk transfer; it also helps alleviate government financial burdens by transforming catastrophe losses into pre-arranged financial commitments. The establishment of such a system not only facilitates rapid disaster response but also promotes better risk management practices among insurers and policymakers. However, questions remain regarding its sufficiency in addressing the scale of potential disasters, particularly in the context of climate change which is likely to amplify hurricane intensity and frequency. Moreover, while the FHCF subsidizes insurance premiums to make coverage affordable, the gap in coverage often still leaves low-income residents vulnerable, those who are least able to afford comprehensive insurance or relocation options.

To enhance the effectiveness of the FHCF and promote disaster equity, additional funding mechanisms such as Insurance-Linked Securities (ILS) — including catastrophe bonds — have been proposed. These financial instruments transfer insurance risks to capital markets, offering alternative and scalable sources of disaster funding. Catastrophe bonds attract investors by offering high interest rates, with payouts triggered by specific disaster events. This diversification of risk capital could bolster the fund’s reserves and provide more comprehensive support for vulnerable populations. Evidence from international coastal cities demonstrates the success of such financial innovations in disaster mitigation, notably in Asia, Europe, and North America.

In conclusion, while the FHCF has played a vital role in mitigating hurricane-related risks in Florida, especially in facilitating rapid post-disaster recovery, gaps remain in adequately protecting the most vulnerable populations. Integrating innovative financial solutions such as ILS, expanding targeted assistance programs, and improving infrastructure resilience are critical steps toward building sustainable, equitable disaster management systems. As climate change continues to challenge current models, ongoing refinement of these strategies is essential to reduce disparities and enhance resilience in coastal cities like Miami.

References

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• FEMA. (2022). Building resilient communities: A guide to disaster preparedness. Federal Emergency Management Agency.
• Harrington, S. E., & Niehaus, G. (2019). Insurance against natural disasters: An assessment of the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund. Public Budgeting & Finance, 39(2), 64-83.
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