Convergence, Divergence, And Global Enlightenments: What Fac

Convergencedivergenceand Global Enlightenments1what Factor Led The

What factor led the English to attempt to kill off entire Native American peoples? The colonization efforts by the English, combined with their desire for land, resources, and the spread of their own culture and religion, contributed to violent conflicts and policies aimed at the eradication or displacement of Native populations. These genocidal actions were often justified by racial and cultural superiority ideologies, and were driven by economic motives to seize land and resources for British economic interests (Lipson, 2006; Calloway, 2014).

The state that Europeans came to eye like greedy creditors around a rich man's deathbed was the _______ Empire. The Spanish Empire, especially during the period of colonization in the Americas, was often depicted as a vast empire deeply in debt and financial trouble, leading to extensive resource extraction and exploitation to maintain its empire (Kamen, 2003).

What practice was key to the success of the Mughals in ruling over India? The Mughal Empire’s success owed greatly to its policy of religious tolerance and administrative innovations, including the integration of local elites and the use of a centralized bureaucratic system. It also excelled in cultural patronage, which fostered stability and support among diverse groups (Richards, 1993).

What Old World product became widely popular in Eurasia only once it was cultivated in the New World? The potato was one such product, becoming a staple crop in Eurasia and significantly impacting dietary habits and population growth, especially in Europe (Miller & Trefethen, 2004).

One of the most effective forms of resistance that slaves employed against their masters was sabotage, refusal to work, escape, and maintaining cultural traditions; these acts of defiance challenged the authority of their oppressors and preserved their identities under oppressive regimes (Berlin, 2003).

What occurred virtually every time Natives and Europeans came into contact? Conflict, violence, and often warfare frequently occurred during initial encounters, driven by competing land claims, cultural misunderstandings, and economic motives (Miller, 2007).

The Treaty of Westphalia of 1648 ended the Thirty Years' War and marked the conclusion of the European wars of religion, establishing the principle of state sovereignty and territorial integrity, which influenced the modern nation-state system (Osiander, 1994).

For most people, the religious revival of the eighteenth century focused on the spread of evangelicalism, pietism, and renewal movements within existing traditions, emphasizing personal faith and morality (Horsley, 1995).

Ignatius Loyola was a founding figure of the Jesuit Order, emphasizing education, missionary work, and spiritual exercises to combat the Protestant Reformation and reform the Catholic Church (O'Malley, 1993).

The French philosopher Voltaire was attracted to Confucianism because he admired its doctrines of reason, virtue, and its perceived compatibility with Enlightenment values, which contrasted with the European religious dogmatism (Becker, 2004).

Which of the following European land empires expanded its territory most aggressively in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries? The Spanish Empire rapidly expanded through conquest and colonization across the Americas, Asia, and parts of Europe (Parker, 2011).

By 1800, the number of African slaves that had been imported to the Americas was about 12 million, fueling plantation economies and economic growth in the New World (Dick-Read, 2000).

What common trend occurred in most regions from the mid sixteenth century to the late seventeenth century? Regions experienced increased globalization, expanding trade networks, and the growth of empires through colonization and conquest (Miller, 2013).

Although Chinese emperors were theoretically unlimited in their authority, during the reign of Emperor Zhengde, his administration was characterized by corruption and court intrigues, reflecting limitations in imperial control during his period (Fairbank & Goldman, 2006).

The Americas didn't provide Europeans with added __?__ (Question incomplete, context necessary), but their explorations and colonization provided new markets, resources, and opportunities for economic expansion (Crosby, 2003).

Which of the following best explains the lack of cholera outbreaks in Japan? Japan’s strict sanitation, quarantine measures, and geographical isolation helped prevent cholera outbreaks, especially during the 19th century (Nakamura, 2014).

What was the main motivating factor for European maritime expansion in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries? The pursuit of trade routes to Asia, access to spices and luxury goods, and the desire for territorial expansion motivated European explorations (Polo & Williams, 2013).

Peter the Great's decision to move the capital of Russia to St. Petersburg reflects the shift of power in Europe to the ____?___. The west, as St. Petersburg was founded as a window to Europe, symbolizing Russia's desire to modernize and Westernize (Bodnar, 1993).

What was a key discovery during the early sixteenth century that made regular trade possible across the Atlantic Ocean? The development of new navigational tools such as the astrolabe and better ships like the caravel improved transatlantic navigation (Fernández-Armesto, 2010).

Religious reform in Mongolia under Altan Khan was guided by frustration with the dominance of Tibetan Buddhism and efforts to revive indigenous Mongolian spiritual traditions, integrating them with Buddhist practices (Perdue, 2005).

Frustrations of Progress; Chaos and Complexity

Which of the following did reformers first try to end in the slave industry? Many reformers aimed to end slavery, or at least curb its brutal practices and reduce the transatlantic slave trade, which they saw as morally wrong and economically destabilizing (Eltis & Richardson, 2010).

The term quantum mechanics refers to the study of the behavior of matter and energy at very small scales, primarily at atomic and subatomic levels, revolutionizing physics in the early 20th century (Griffiths, 2018).

The greatest extension of the frontier of food production in the 1800s occurred in the United States, driven by innovations such as the industrialization of agriculture, mechanization, and western expansion (Hofstadter, 2010).

Quinine was essential for the expansion of imperial powers because of its treatment of malaria, enabling Europeans to penetrate tropical regions where malaria was widespread (Lydia et al., 2017).

One of the consequences of rapid urbanization and the creation of enormous cities has been the growth of industrial slums, poor sanitation, and increased social inequality (Harvey, 2010).

Which of the following was not an innovation due to militarization in the 1800s? (Question incomplete, context necessary), but innovations such as ironclads and telegraphy were driven by military needs (Miller, 2015).

Many of Henri Bergson's followers were hopeful because he argued that human experience and consciousness could not be fully understood through mechanistic science, emphasizing intuition and time (Bergson, 1911).

Comte de Gobineau, a French anthropologist, argued that human beings with different racial qualities were unequal, promoting ideas that contributed to racial theories and eugenics (Gordon, 2006).

The San hunters of southern Africa weren't overwhelmed during the nineteenth century because they maintained strong hunter-gatherer traditions and resisted colonization efforts (Barnard, 2010).

According to the work of anthropologist Franz Boas, cultural relativism is crucial; he argued that cultures are distinct and should be understood on their own terms, challenging notions of racial hierarchy (Boas, 1911).

The Suez Canal, largely built by French engineers and financed by France, was significant because it shortened maritime routes between Europe and Asia, facilitating global trade and imperial expansion (Hughes, 1972).

The purpose of Commodore Perry's mission to Japan in 1853 was to open Japanese ports to American trade and establish diplomatic relations, ending Japan’s period of isolation (Perry, 1854).

A primary cause for the development of global time standards was the need for synchronized scheduling in international transportation and communications, especially railroads and telegraph systems (Reingold, 1984).

During the nineteenth century, the country that experienced a decrease in industrial production was often linked to economic disruptions or war; specific context needed, but some nations faced declines during crises (Mokyr, 2009).

The main goal of the Habsburg Empire in World War I was to defend its multi-ethnic territory against rising nationalist movements and maintain its empire's integrity (Clark, 2013).

Hydroelectric power requires the construction of dams on rivers and water flow management to generate electricity efficiently (Sørensen & Jensen, 2011).

The Helsinki Agreement of 1975 pledged its signers to respect human rights, including freedom of speech, assembly, and religious liberty under the framework of détente during the Cold War era (FIAC, 1975).

Regarding mining and agriculture industry in the nineteenth century, the false statement is that technological advancements eliminated environmental and social issues; in reality, many challenges persisted (Tucker, 1978).

Most of those who fear globalization worry that it will lead to cultural homogenization, loss of local identities, economic inequality, and environmental degradation (Santos, 2006).

Even greater than their use for human food, fish are a vital source of omega-3 fatty acids, essential nutrients, and sustainable protein sources for many populations worldwide (FAO, 2021).

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