Country Vietnam: Format References And In-Text Citation

Country Vietnamapa 7 Format References Include In Text Citation 5

Country: Vietnam APA-7 format, references include, in-text citation, 5 pages, Using resources from the WHO ( ), OECD ( ) and IHME ( ), CDC ( ) research that country profile. 1. Population and type of political, state, and religious definitions. For example, According to BBC data on the country profiles as of December 2019- Algeria: population 41 million; People's Democratic Republic; major Languages- Arabic, French, Berber; major Religion-Islam; life expectancy- 75 years (men), 77 years (women); currency- dinar 2. Territory (2-3 main characteristics that might influence Public Health) For example, mountains cover 2/3 of the territory- access to health care challenges due to poor public transportation/roads infrastructure; the danger of natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes in blocking/destroying access roads. 3. Climate (2-3 main characteristics that might influence Public Health) 4. Demographics (changes influencing Public Health) 5. Education level (influence on Public Health) 6. Economic status, GPD in USD (2-3 main characteristics that may influence public Health) 7. Health care spendings and sources of funding in general and Public Health specifically 8. Effectiveness of essential health care services provision (understand what essential HC services are and their relationship with Public Health) 9. Top 5 reasons for death (think about the connection to Public Health and healthcare system) 10. Top 5 reasons for disability (think about the connection to Public Health and healthcare system) **It is recommended that the students compile the research information using EXCEL or another tool allowing visual representation options. DELIVERABLE: Write a critical analysis report on the country's public health ( critical analysis ) highlighting: a)Introduction/background. b) State the purpose/objectives/Problem c) Analysis: explain the context of the work : -Provide analysis of the 3-5 researched country characteristics, relationship to the public health issues, and their influence on the Public Health effort level (local or international). -Identify and document both positive and negative points/factors in terms of the Public Health effort outcomes directed at the discussed issues. Explain why you think so ( comparative analysis ). - Analyze how health care funding and health care system performance affect the success of Public Health efforts. Are there other funding sources that could be used to negate the discussed Public Health issues? Offer examples. - Analysis: Discuss differences in top death and disability reasons and explain how Public Health programs and other funding contribute to combating them. Are the death and disability reasons interdependent with the county characteristics you chose to analyze? - Analysis : Discuss which data sources belong to the national (the country's) or Global Governance structure and why it is important in terms of the country profile. e) Conclusion/Summary: Write a conclusion about which source should be trusted the most and explain why. Conclude your critical analysis by restating your thesis, and making suggestions ( assessment ) on the possible improvement of ideas, research, and appeals. g) Add Reference pages. Please note: Use personally developed tables and bullet points, visual data representation (personally prepared in Excel, for example) to deliver your conclusions and demonstrate points. If you use data from other resources, cite appropriately. -Make sure to provide supportive evidence and data sources appropriately formatted in APA 7. -Use about 5 credible sources (including the data sources) to support your conclusions .

Paper For Above instruction

Introduction and Background

Vietnam, a Southeast Asian nation characterized by its rich history, diverse geography, and evolving political landscape, presents a compelling case for public health analysis. With a population exceeding 97 million as of 2023 (World Health Organization [WHO], 2023), the country experiences significant demographic shifts driven by urbanization, aging populations, and rural-to-urban migration. Politically, Vietnam operates as a socialist republic with a one-party system under the Communist Party, which influences healthcare policy formulation and public health strategies. Religiously, Vietnam is predominantly Buddhist, complemented by Confucianism, Taoism, and a minority of Christianity, shaping cultural attitudes toward health and wellness (OECD, 2022). Understanding these foundational aspects provides context for assessing health challenges and opportunities within Vietnam’s public health system.

Purpose and Objectives

This report aims to critically analyze Vietnam's public health landscape by examining key country characteristics and their influence on health outcomes. The objectives include evaluating demographic and geographic factors, health system funding, disease burden, and the effectiveness of healthcare delivery. The analysis seeks to identify both strengths and weaknesses in Vietnam's approach to managing public health issues, with a view toward suggesting strategic improvements informed by global data and comparative insights.

Contextual Analysis of Country Characteristics and Their Public Health Implications

Vietnam’s geographical landscape, characterized by mountainous regions covering approximately two-thirds of the country, presents substantial public health challenges. Difficult terrain limits access to healthcare facilities, especially in remote rural areas, and complicates infrastructure development for transportation and emergency services (IHME, 2022). Additionally, Vietnam is vulnerable to natural disasters like floods and typhoons, which exacerbate health risks by destroying infrastructure and disrupting health services (WHO, 2023). Climate factors, such as high humidity and monsoon seasons, contribute to the prevalence of vector-borne diseases like dengue fever, cholera, and malaria, impacting overall disease burden (CDC, 2023).

Demographically, Vietnam has experienced rapid urbanization, with the urban population increasing from 22% in 1990 to over 37% in 2020 (OECD, 2022). Such shifts influence the allocation of healthcare resources, strain the existing infrastructure, and create disparities in health access. The aging population, now exceeding 10% of total demographics, leads to increased chronic disease prevalence and demands for long-term care (WHO, 2023). Education levels, though improving, remain variable across rural and urban areas, with literacy rates over 95% in cities but lower in remote regions, affecting health literacy and health-seeking behaviors (World Bank, 2022).

Vietnam’s economic status, with a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of approximately $393 billion USD in 2022 (World Bank, 2022), influences public health investments. The country spends roughly 5.6% of GDP on healthcare, with government funding constituting the dominant source, supplemented by out-of-pocket expenditures by individuals (WHO, 2023). Despite these investments, resource allocation remains uneven, favoring urban centers over remote areas, which affects the reach and quality of essential health services (OECD, 2022). The efficiency of healthcare delivery, especially in rural regions, often suffers from inadequate infrastructure, shortages of trained personnel, and limited access to essential medicines (IHME, 2022).

Top Disease Burdens: Deaths and Disabilities

The leading causes of death in Vietnam include ischemic heart disease, stroke, COPD, lower respiratory infections, and road injury accidents, reflecting both non-communicable disease trends and environmental/behavioral risk factors (WHO, 2023). These conditions are closely linked to lifestyle factors such as smoking, diet, and physical activity, as well as pollution-related respiratory problems. For disabilities, chronic conditions such as musculoskeletal injuries, stroke sequelae, and neurological disorders constitute major causes, impairing quality of life and productivity (CDC, 2023). The high prevalence of road injuries underscores the importance of public health interventions in injury prevention and health promotion.

Public Health System Evaluation and Funding Sources

Vietnam’s healthcare system predominantly relies on government funding, supplemented by out-of-pocket payments, health insurance schemes, and development assistance. Public health efforts focus on preventing communicable diseases, maternal and child health, and increasingly, non-communicable diseases (WHO, 2023). Although government expenditure supports primary care and vaccination programs, disparities exist, especially in rural and ethnic minority communities. The effectiveness of essential health care services—which include immunizations, maternal health, sanitation, and basic outpatient care—is generally moderate but hampered by infrastructure gaps and workforce shortages (IHME, 2022).

Alternative funding sources such as international aid, non-governmental organizations, and innovative financing models could bolster Vietnam’s capacity to address persistent health challenges. For example, targeted investments in mobile health clinics or telemedicine could improve access in remote areas (OECD, 2022). Additionally, integrating private sector participation and public-private partnerships could enhance the quality and reach of essential health services.

Relationship Between Causes of Death/Disability and Country Characteristics

The high incidence of cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and respiratory illnesses aligns with urbanization, pollution levels, lifestyle risks, and healthcare access disparities. Road injuries are also closely linked to infrastructure challenges and road safety policies, illustrating how country geography and development influence health outcomes. Effective public health interventions—such as health education, promotion campaigns, and emergency response systems—are crucial to mitigating these issues. Funding and program implementation directly impact the reduction of mortality and disability from these causes (WHO, 2023).

Data Sources and Governance

Vietnam's health data is collected through national surveillance systems, supported by WHO and IHME datasets, which provide comprehensive insights for strategic planning. International organizations influence global health governance, lending technical assistance and funding, while national agencies manage day-to-day data collection and policy execution. The integration of these sources is vital for accurate assessment and effective intervention, and ensures that local realities are contextualized within global health frameworks.

Conclusion and Recommendations

Among data sources, global organizations like WHO and IHME provide critical, standardized information that enables cross-country comparisons and evidence-based policy decisions. Therefore, they should be trusted most for consistency and comprehensiveness. However, local national data remain essential for contextual specificity. To improve public health outcomes, Vietnam should enhance data collection infrastructure, expand healthcare coverage to underserved areas, and diversify funding sources. Emphasis on preventive care, health literacy, and infrastructure development can significantly reduce disease burden and improve quality of life.

References

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2023). Vietnam health profile. https://www.cdc.gov/
  • OECD. (2022). Health at a Glance: Asia-Pacific. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2022-en
  • IHME. (2022). Vietnam profile. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. https://www.healthdata.org/vietnam
  • World Bank. (2022). Vietnam development indicators. https://data.worldbank.org/country/vietnam
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2023). Vietnam health statistics. https://www.who.int/data/

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