Create Atable No Table No Creditusingword Or Powerpointto Outline
Create a table (no table = no credit) using Word or PowerPoint to outline/describe the major structures of the central nervous system. Type your work.... no hand-writing . The table is mostly up to on what to include. However, for each structure I suggest you include how to identify it, the function(s), what happens if damaged, and any other pertinent details you think will help you understand that structure. 11 Brain Structures to Include : cerebrum (cortex, white matter); basal nuclei; diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland); limbic system; brain stem (medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, reticular formation); cerebellum Spinal Cord Structures to Include : gray matter horns; white matter columns; spinal nerve; roots; central canal Upload the DOC, DOCX, PPT, or PPTX here. Only these file types will be accepted. NO PICTURES! A picture in Word or PowerPoint is still a picture, and will not be accepted. Your submission will be checked for plagiarism, so while collaboration can happen, make sure to submit your own work. Do not use the online version of Word/PowerPoint or Google Docs/Slides to write this and then submit because it may not submit correctly and may not open. Make sure you do not have information that goes beyond the margins of the document.... it will not show up when submitted, when printed, or when presented.
Sample Paper For Above instruction
Introduction
The central nervous system (CNS) comprises the brain and spinal cord, which coordinate sensory information and motor responses. Understanding its major structures, their functions, how to identify them, and the consequences of damage is vital in neuroscience and clinical practice. This paper provides an outline of the primary structures within the CNS, along with their identification methods, roles, and potential impairments.
Major Structures of the Brain
Cerebrum
| Identification |
Function(s) |
Damaged Causes & Effects |
Additional Details |
| Largest brain part; divided into lobes; contains cortex and white matter |
Perception, voluntary movement, reasoning, memory, consciousness |
Stroke, traumatic injury; impairments in movement, cognition, emotional regulation |
Cerebral cortex is the outer gray matter, involved in high-level functions; white matter facilitates communication between regions |
Basal Nuclei
| Identification |
Function(s) |
Damaged Causes & Effects |
Additional Details |
| Clustered gray matter deep within the cerebrum |
Regulate voluntary movement, motor control, procedural learning |
Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease; tremors, movement disorders |
Interacts with the cerebellum and cortex to coordinate movement |
Diencephalon
Thalamus
| Identification |
Function(s) |
Damaged Causes & Effects |
Additional Details |
| Deep gray matter, bilateral structures located near the center of the brain |
Relay station for sensory information; consciousness |
SAS (sensory pathway disruptions); coma, sensory deficits |
Connected to many regions, filters sensory input before it reaches cortex |
Hypothalamus
| Identification |
Function(s) |
Damaged Causes & Effects |
Additional Details |
| Small, bilateral gray area below the thalamus |
Regulates autonomic functions, hormone production, emotions, hunger, thirst |
Endocrine disorders, metabolic imbalances |
Controls pituitary gland activity; vital for homeostasis |
Pineal Gland
| Identification |
Function(s) |
Damaged Causes & Effects |
Additional Details |
| Small endocrine gland near the center of the brain |
Produces melatonin; regulates sleep-wake cycles |
Sleep disorders, seasonal affective disorder |
Influenced by light exposure; part of the epithalamus |
Limbic System
| Identification |
Function(s) |
Damaged Causes & Effects |
Additional Details |
| Network of structures including hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus |
Emotion regulation, memory formation, motivation |
Memory impairment, emotional disturbances |
Integral to survival behaviors and emotional processing |
Brain Stem Structures
Medulla Oblongata
| Identification |
Function(s) |
Damaged Causes & Effects |
Additional Details |
| Lowest part of brainstem, continuous with spinal cord |
Vital functions: heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure |
Respiratory failure, cardiovascular collapse |
Contains centers for reflexes such as swallowing and coughing |
Pons
| Identification |
Function(s) |
Damaged Causes & Effects |
Additional Details |
| Part of brainstem above the medulla, anterior to the cerebellum |
Relays signals between cerebellum and cerebrum, regulates breathing |
Cognitive deficits, respiratory problems |
Contains nuclei for sleep, respiration, taste, and facial sensations |
Midbrain
| Identification |
Function(s) |
Damaged Causes & Effects |
Additional Details |
| Superior part of brainstem, above pons |
Vision, hearing, motor control, alertness |
Visual or auditory deficits, movement disorders |
Contains superior and inferior colliculi |
Reticular Formation
| Identification |
Function(s) |
Damaged Causes & Effects |
Additional Details |
| Diffuse network of neurons within the brainstem |
Regulates sleep-wake cycle, consciousness, alertness |
Persistent coma, sleep disorders |
Integrates sensory input to maintain awareness |
Cerebellum
| Identification |
Function(s) |
Damaged Causes & Effects |
Additional Details |
| Located at the back of the brain, below occipital lobes |
Coordination of voluntary movements, balance, posture |
Ataxia, tremors, imbalance |
Receives input from sensory systems and the motor cortex |
Spinal Cord Structures
Gray Matter Horns
| Identification |
Function(s) |
Damaged Causes & Effects |
Additional Details |
| H-shaped gray area in cross-section of spinal cord |
Contains neuron cell bodies for sensory and motor functions |
Spinal cord injury, paralysis, loss of sensation |
Divided into dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) horns |
White Matter Columns
| Identification |
Function(s) |
Damaged Causes & Effects |
Additional Details |
| Surrounds gray horns, consists of myelinated axons |
Transmit sensory information to brain, carry motor commands |
Loss of sensation, motor deficits |
Divided into dorsal, lateral, and ventral columns |
Spinal Nerve
| Identification |
Function(s) |
Damaged Causes & Effects |
Additional Details |
| Paired nerves emerging from spinal cord roots |
Transmit sensory and motor information between body and CNS |
Nerve damage leading to numbness or paralysis |
Formed from dorsal and ventral roots |
Roots
| Identification |
Function(s) |
Damaged Causes & Effects |
Additional Details |
| Dorsal root (sensory), ventral root (motor) |
Carry sensory inputs and motor outputs |
Root injury causing loss of sensation or motor function |
Part of spinal nerve formation |
Central Canal
| Identification |
Function(s) |
Damaged Causes & Effects |
Additional Details |
| Centered within the spinal cord |
Contains cerebrospinal fluid; supports and nourishes the spinal cord |
Cyst formation or blockage; cord compression |
Continuous with the ventricular system of the brain |
Conclusion
Understanding the complex structures of the CNS is essential for recognizing their functions, ways to identify them, and the implications of their damage. Accurate knowledge facilitates better diagnosis, treatment, and research in neurological disorders.
References
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- Guyton, A. C., & Hall, J. E. (2016). Textbook of Medical Physiology. Elsevier.
- Purves, D., et al. (2018). Neuroscience. Oxford University Press.
- Snell, R. S. (2019). Clinical Neuroanatomy. Wolters Kluwer.
- Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H., & Jessell, T. M. (2013). Principles of Neural Science. McGraw-Hill Education.
- Boivie, J., & Carlsson, C. (2017). Neuroanatomy and Functional Neuroanatomy. Springer.
- Haines, D. E. (2018). Neuroanatomy: An Atlas of Structures, Sections, and Systems. Elsevier.
- Merrill, D. R., & Purves, D. (2019). Neural mechanisms of behavior. Sinauer Associates.
- Squire, L. R., et al. (2021). Fundamental Neuroscience. Academic Press.
- Nichols, D. R. (2016). Clinical neuroanatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.