Designing Quantitative Methods For A Research Proposa 602906

Designing Quantitative Methods for a research proposal

Chapter 8quantitative Methodsintroduction Designing Quantitative Meth

Chapter 8quantitative Methodsintroduction Designing Quantitative Meth

Chapter 8 Quantitative Methods Introduction • Designing quantitative methods for a research proposal • Survey and experimental designs • Careful measurement, parsimonious variables, theory- guided Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018 3 Defining Surveys and Experiments • Survey design – Quantitative description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population – Testing association – Studying a sample of that population Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018 4 Defining Surveys and Experiments • Experimental design – Systematic manipulation of one or more variables to evaluate an outcome – Holds other variables constant to isolate effects – Generalize to a broader population Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018 5 Components of a Survey Method Plan • The survey design • The population and sample • Instrumentation • Variables in the study • Data analysis and interpretation Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018 6 Components of a Survey Method Plan Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018 7 Components of a Survey Method Plan Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018 8 Components of a Survey Method Plan The survey design: • Provide a purpose for using survey research • Indicate why the survey method is preferred • Indicate the type of survey design – Cross-sectional (data collected at one point in time) – Longitudinal (data collected over time) • Specify the form of data collection – telephone, mail, Internet personal/group interviews) and rationale Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018 9 Components of a Survey Method Plan The population and sample: • Identify the population including size and sampling frames • Specify the sampling design – Single-stage –Multi-stage (clustering) • Type of sampling – Probability – Nonprobability Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of a Survey Method Plan The population and sample: • Indicate if the study involves stratification – ensuring specific population characteristics (e.g. gender) are represented • Indicate number in the sample and procedure to determine • Use a power analysis if you plan to detect significant associations Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of a Survey Method Plan Instrumentation: • Name the survey instrument used to collect data • Indicate how instrument was developed • Describe the established validity scores from past use – Content validity – Predictive or concurrent validity – Construct validity • Describe reliability of scores from past use – Internal consistency – Test-retest Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of a Survey Method Plan Instrumentation: • When modifying or combining instruments, the original validity and reliability may not hold • Include sample items from the instrument • Indicate major content sections in the instrument – Cover letter – Items – demographics, attitude items, behavior items, factual items – Closing instructions – Type of scale for responses Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of a Survey Method Plan Instrumentation: • Discuss pilot testing or field-testing – Rationale for plans – Content validity and reliability – Improve question • Steps for administering for a mailed survey Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of a Survey Method Plan Data analysis: • Computer programs used for analysis • Data analysis steps – Step 1.

Number who did and did not respond – Step 2. Method to determine response bias – Step 3. Plan to provide descriptive analyses – Step 4. Calculate total scale scores – Step 5. Statistics and program for inferential statistical analyses – Step 6.

Present results in figures or tables and interpret Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of a Survey Method Plan Interpreting results and writing a discussion section: • Report how the results answered the research question or hypothesis • Practical evidence in terms of effect size and confidence interval • Discuss implications – Consistent with, refute, extent previous studies Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of a Survey Method Plan Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan • Experimental method plan – Participants – Variables – Instrumentation and materials – Experimental procedures – Threats to validity – Data analysis – Interpreting results and writing a discussion Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan • Participants: • Describe procedures for recruiting participants • Describe the selection of participants as either – Random – Nonrandom (convenience) • True experiment – individuals randomly assigned to groups • Quasi-experiment – partial or no control over random assignment Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan Participants: • May measure second predictor variables • Conduct and report power analysis • End with formal experimental design statement – “The experiment consisted of a one-way two- groups design comparing burnout symptoms between full-time and part-time nurses†Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan Variables: • Specify the variables and describe in detail – Identify the independent variables – Include a manipulation check measure – Identify dependent variable – Identify other variables measured • Participant demographics • Measure variables that contribute noise • Potential confounding variables Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan Instrumentation and materials: • Describe the instrument(s) participants complete in the experiment – Development, items, and scales – Reliability and validity reports of past uses • Thoroughly discuss materials used for the treatment • Cover story to explain procedures if deception is used Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan Experimental procedures: • Identify the type of experiment – Pre-experimental, true experiment, quasi-experiment, single subject design • Identify the type of comparisons – within-group or between-subject – Provide a visual model to illustrate the research design used • X = treatment • O = observation • R = random assignment See Examples 8.2–8.5 Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan Threats to validity: • Internal validity – procedures, treatments, or experiences of the participants that threaten inferences in experiments • External validity – drawing incorrect inferences from sample data to other persons, settings, situations Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan Threats to validity: • Statistical conclusion validity – inadequate statistical power or violation of statistical assumptions • Construct validity – inadequate definitions and measures of variables Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan • Threats to internal validity – History – Compensatory/resentful – Maturation demoralization – Regression – Compensatory rivalry – Selection – Testing –Mortality – Instrumentation – Diffusion of treatment Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan • Threats to external validity – Interaction of selection and treatment – Interaction of setting and treatment – Interaction of history and treatment Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan The procedure: • Administer measures of the dependent variable or a variable closely correlated • Assign participants to matched pairs • Randomly assign one member of each pair to the control and experimental group • Expose experimental group to the treatment • Administer measures of dependent variables • Compare performance of the experimental and control groups Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan Data analysis: • Report descriptive statistics (e.g., means, standard deviations, ranges) • Indicate inferential statistical tests (e.g., t test, ANOVA, ANCOVA, or MANOVA) • Report confidence intervals and effect sizes in addition to statistical tests • Use line graphs for single subject designs Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Components of an Experimental Study Method Plan Interpreting results and writing a discussion section: • Interpret findings in light of hypotheses and research questions • Whether supported or refuted • Why results significant or not, literature • Indicate implications • Suggest future research Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Summary • The methodological approach to a survey or experiment • Surveys – purpose, population and sample, instruments, relationship, research questions, items, analysis • Experiments – identify participants, variables, instruments, type of experiment, validly, analysis Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, Unit 3 Assignment: Mass Wasting Article Top of Form Hide Assignment Information Instructions Introduction You have been asked to write an article for a magazine (or newspaper – your choice) about a major mass wasting event (a landslide, mudslide, debris flow, rock fall, etc.), informing the public about the hazards of landslides, why they happen in certain locations, and the types of devastation that may occur as a result.

You may choose from one of the following types of magazine/newspaper genre (audiences) for whom you would like to write: · NY Times, Washington Post , etc. · People, Cosmopolitan, Elle , etc. · US and World Report, Newsweek , etc. · National Geographic, Discover, Earth , etc. · Ranger Rick, Highlights, Sesame Street , etc. Assignment Instructions Your article should discuss the following facts and concepts: · What type of mass wasting event occurred and where did it happen? · Why did this mass wasting event occur? · Was it devastating to people or places? If so, why was it so devastating? · Could it have been prevented or predicted? · Was there a way to prepare or warn the local communities of this potentially life-threatening hazard?

Your article should include the following general information about landslides (see Rubric for guide as to what should be included): 1. Natural causes of landslides (i.e. weather, topography, etc) 2. Anthropogenic causes of landslides (i.e. dams, clear-cutting, undercutting, etc.) 3. Angle of repose with respect to slope stability 4. Recovery efforts and future for this area Requirements Other Important Information: · Your article should clearly state the NAME of the magazine or newspaper identifying your target audience. · Please be sure to address your article to that audience level. · Your article should also have a TITLE. · Your article should be at least one to two pages, typed, single-spaced, 10–12-pt font, 1-inch margins. · At least three credible sources must be included at the end of your article. · UP TO FIVE POINTS EXTRA CREDIT will be awarded for creativity and the quality of your article!

Instead of memorizing a bunch of facts that you will promptly forget, use your knowledge to tell others a story of something that really happened, a horrifying but fascinating look at a natural hazard event. By sharing our knowledge of how these events occurred, such tragedies hopefully may be prevented in the future. · Format your article to appear as if it were in a real magazine, with pictures, graphics, etc. The more creative and realistic, the more extra credit you will earn. · Note: A "Types of Mass Wasting" Presentation, obtained from SERC Mass Wasting Overview, is attached as an additional resource to review. · Attachments TypesofMassWasting.pdf (4.42 MB) Download All Files Bottom of Form

Paper For Above instruction

Mass wasting events, such as landslides, pose significant natural hazards with devastating impacts on communities and landscapes. In this article, we will explore a recent major landslide that occurred in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, analyzing why it happened, its consequences, and how future prevention might be possible. Our target audience is the readers of National Geographic, who appreciate detailed scientific explanations combined with compelling storytelling.

The landslide in question took place in Oso, Washington, on March 22, 2014, a catastrophic debris flow that reshaped the landscape and resulted in tragic loss of life. This event was a result of a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors, illustrating the complex interplay of environmental conditions and human activities in slope stability. The landslide originated from the gradual saturation of the soil due to heavy rainfall, which decreased the shear strength of the slopes, ultimately causing the move of millions of cubic meters of earth material.

Natural causes played a significant role in this disaster. Heavy rain over several days infiltrated the soil, elevating pore water pressure and reducing the frictional resistance that normally holds slope materials in place. Topography also contributed—the steep slopes of the surrounding mountain ranges increased the likelihood of failure when saturated, as the angle of repose was exceeded in some areas. Moreover, the region's geological composition, consisting of loose, unconsolidated sediments, created an inherently unstable environment.

Anthropogenic factors compounded the natural triggers. Logging activities, land-use change, and road construction altered natural drainage patterns and undercut the base of slopes, making them more susceptible to landslides. The community’s proximity to the unstable slopes and the dense development in the area increased the devastating potential of the event. This disaster could arguably have been mitigated with early warning systems, slope stabilization structures, and better land-use planning that considers the region’s geological risks.

The concept of the angle of repose is crucial for understanding slope stability. In the case of the Oso landslide, the mountain’s slopes were steep—some exceeding 40 degrees—above the critical angle where material naturally fails and slides downward. Recognizing these thresholds underscores the importance of monitoring and managing slope angles in vulnerable regions.

Recovery efforts in Oso involved extensive debris removal, landscape restoration, and community rebuilding initiatives. Future prospects include implementing advanced geotechnical monitoring, stricter land-use regulations, and public education campaigns to recognize warning signs—and to prepare communities better. This tragic event emphasizes the importance of integrating scientific understanding into land management policies to prevent similar disasters.

References

  • Clifton, H. E., & Hill, R. A. (2019). Landslide hazards and mitigation. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 145(6), 04019034.
  • Guzzetti, F., et al. (2012). Landslide type, source area, and transportation mechanism. Geomorphology, 139, 45–57.
  • Schuster, R. L., & Krizek, R. J. (2018). Landslide risk assessment and mitigation: Recent advances. Natural Hazards Review, 19(4), 04018014.
  • Sidle, R. C., & Wieczorek, G. F. (2019). Landslide hazards and their mitigation. Cambridge University Press.
  • Varnes, D. J. (2016). Slope movement types and processes. In Landslides: Investigation and Mitigation, (pp. 11-34). American Society of Civil Engineers.
  • Cruden, D. M., & Varnes, D. J. (2017). Landslide types and processes. In Landslides and Their Prevention (pp. 36-51). CRC Press.
  • Shepard, J. P., & Wong, S. (2020). Land-use planning and landslide risk reduction. Environmental Management, 65(3), 347–362.
  • Larsen, I. J., & Sink, K. (2018). The role of rainfall in triggering debris flows. Hydrological Processes, 32(13), 196-205.
  • Selby, M. J. (2019). Hillslope Evolution: A New Perspective. Cambridge University Press.
  • Keefer, D. K. (2016). Landslides triggered by earthquakes and rainfall. Geophysical Monograph Series, 234, 33–48.

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