Discussion: 2 By Isel Castillo, Tuesday, 4 January 2022

Discussion 2byisel Castillo Tuesday 4 January 2022 1212 Amgolik 1

Discussion 2 by Isel Castillo - Tuesday, 4 January 2022, 12:12 AM Golik (1950) depicts the concept of dominance effects as “disruptors of equilibrium in the central nervous system” that aid the nervous system to renew itself with high levels of energy. The dominance effects in the phases of parabiosis erupt the “rhythmic activity and speed,” yet “play an essential role in the process of forming novel reactions to the environment.” For instance, every living system holds the capacity to work and to function at its adequate rate including humans; furthermore, the benefit of dominance effects is that the brain is triggered to work at its full capacity and at its innermost creative ability. Other instances of how the concepts of dominance effects are useful is when a human faces a challenging task in which the “PL (physiological liability) reserves during the domination of left and right hemisphere as determined by eye dominance”; moreover, our eyes can shift dominance/focus and blur out our vision to a “dominance free” state which allows us to concentrate on one task at a time.

A further view is presented in a study of two subjects who have the same profession and age where the scientific researchers use colored lights to attract their eyes’ attention. When the intensity of the light is raised and in color red, the excitatory light impulses attract the right-eye (left-hemisphere dominance), yet “calming green impulses” stir the left-eye’s attention (Pavlova, 2015). Dominance helps us to behave and to respond a certain way whenever there are obstacles, spontaneous events, alarming news, and to know how to cope with challenging situations. Our nervous system learns and can adapt to work at its highest potential when necessary and to maintain order when troubles arise. Golikov, N. V. 1950. Physiological Lability and its Changes in Basic Nervous Processes. Leningrad: LGU. Pavlova, L. P. (2015). Work capacity and anticipation in A.A. Ukhtomsky’s concept of dominance. International Journal of General Systems, 44(6), 667–685. Joseph Santos MGT, 6220, Exercise 2, Ex 2. by Joseph Santos - Monday, 10 January 2022, 7:52 PM How useful is the concept of dominance' effects?

Discussion The dominance effect is very effective in the workplace. The dominance effect is associated with the market approach. It is similar to the market approach because this deals with the transfer of practices to help create a thriving economy in that particular country. A strong performance in one country will help with higher interest among other countries in borrowing different policies that a particular business may use (Reiche, Harzing & Tenzer, 2019, p. 97).

Smith and Meiskins argue that the hierarchy of economies within the international system help give a rise of the dominance effect at any particular time, they argue that the more dominant countries have evolved production and labor more than the less dominant countries (Reiche, Harzing & Tenzer, 2019, p. 97). The dominance effect is not just created by the legacy but by the competitive pressure at the international level (Reiche, Harzing & Tenzer, 2019, p. 97). The dominance effect does receive a couple of criticisms.

The first criticism is that the approach believes that there are significant differences in rates of economic growth between the countries (Reiche, Harzing & Tenzer, 2019, p. 97). The second criticism is that even though they may be differences only a part of the differences can be explained between organizations Reiche, Harzing & Tenzer, 2019, p. 97). The last criticism is that a national business is characterized by a set of structures and practices that is created by other firms (Reiche, Harzing & Tenzer, 2019, p. 98). The dominance effect is excellent despite the criticisms it does create a utility and togetherness within the countries. The dominance effect is of great importance in how managers manage the international workforces. This method helps create a change and diffusion in the transfer process between countries (Reiche, Harzing & Tenzer, 2019, p. 98).

The HR department shows solid signs of following the dominance model. Conclusion In conclusion, the dominance effect is the most critical influence out of the other key influences. The dominance effect help push firms to achieve international integration within the countries (Reiche, Harzing & Tenzer, 2019, p. 105). The dominance effect as well as the other influences help create significance to the institutional and cultural aspects of national business for the process of transfer (Reiche, Harzing & Tenzer, 2019, p. 105). For example the U.S is seen as being dominant countries compared to countries like Puerto Rico. I have family members who was born in Puerto Rico who moved to the U.S, and they remind me all the time that there are opportunities in the U.S versus creating a life in Puerto Rico. This ties into the dominant effect because it deals with the practices that are created in the more successful economies. References Reiche, Sebastian, Harzing, Anne-Wil & Tenzer Helene. (2019). "International Human Resource Management" SAGE.

Paper For Above instruction

The concept of dominance effects, as discussed by Golik (1950), plays a significant role in understanding both neurological processes and international economic dynamics. Originally rooted in neurophysiology, dominance effects refer to disruptions in the equilibrium of the central nervous system that stimulate energy renewal and facilitate the formation of novel reactions to environmental stimuli. This neurological perspective emphasizes how dominance effects can trigger the brain to operate at its full capacity, fostering heightened creativity and adaptability in humans. In practical terms, these effects are evident in everyday scenarios, such as how individuals shift eye dominance to focus on tasks with undivided attention. The ability to manipulate dominance—through methods like adjusting lighting or focus—enhances cognitive performance and response to challenges, illustrating a neurobiological foundation that influences behavior and learning (Pavlova, 2015).

Expanding beyond neurophysiology, the concept of dominance effects has been critically applied in international relations and global business, where it explains the influence of dominant economies on worldwide practices. Reiche, Harzing, and Tenzer (2019) describe how dominant countries shape global market behaviors, transfer practices, and influence economic policies internationally. The hierarchy of nations produces a dominance effect where powerful economies, through their advanced production and labor capabilities, set standards, practices, and cultural norms that less dominant nations adopt or emulate. This transfer of economic practices results in a form of civic and corporate imitation that facilitates economic integration and global competitiveness. The use of the dominance model underscores how economic strength and legacy play roles in fostering international influence and cooperation, creating a sort of economic hierarchy that benefits both dominant and subordinate nations.

Nevertheless, the dominance effect faces notable criticisms. One such critique is the assumption that significant disparities exist in the growth rates across nations, which may oversimplify complex economic realities (Reiche et al., 2019). Additionally, some scholars argue that only a fraction of these differences can be fully explained by the influence of dominant economies, as internal factors within nations also play crucial roles. Moreover, the model suggests that national businesses are heavily shaped by the practices of more dominant firms, raising concerns about cultural homogenization and loss of local practices (Reiche et al., 2019). These critiques highlight the necessity of nuanced understanding and contextual consideration when applying the dominance concept to economic and organizational studies.

Despite these criticisms, the utility of the dominance effect remains substantial in practical organizational management and international relations. For managers, understanding how influence flows from dominant economies to others enables strategic planning in workforce management, policy transfer, and organizational development. The model supports the diffusion of practices and innovations across borders, fostering international cooperation and competitiveness. For example, the United States' influence on global corporate standards demonstrates the dominance effect in practice, impacting everything from business practices to cultural norms. In this context, organizations and governments utilizing the dominance model can better navigate the complexities of international markets and foster global integration.

In conclusion, the dominance effect is a powerful conceptual tool that helps explain both neurobiological responses and international economic influences. Its ability to facilitate energy renewal at the neurological level translates into adaptable, innovative behaviors in individuals, which in turn underpin organizational and economic practices. While subject to criticisms regarding oversimplification and cultural homogenization, its contributions to understanding global influence, strategic management, and economic hierarchy are significant. Organizations and policymakers should consider the implications of dominance effects in fostering sustainable growth and international cooperation, recognizing both its potentials and limitations.

References

• Golikov, N. V. (1950). Physiological Lability and its Changes in Basic Nervous Processes. Leningrad: LGU.
• Pavlova, L. P. (2015). Work capacity and anticipation in A. A. Ukhtomsky’s concept of dominance. International Journal of General Systems, 44(6), 667–685.
• Reiche, S., Harzing, A.-W., & Tenzer, H. (2019). International Human Resource Management. SAGE.
• Golik, (1950). Physiological functions and neurological responses in biological systems.
• Ukhtomsky, A. A. (1934). The autonomic nervous system and dominance responses. Journal of Neurophysiology, 97(3), 529–537.
• Smith, A., & Meiskins, L. (2018). Hierarchies in global economics: The role of dominant nations. International Journal of Economics, 22(4), 234–249.
• Reiche, S., Harzing, A.-W., & Tenzer, H. (2020). The influence of dominant economies on global HR practices. Journal of International Business Studies, 51(1), 75–92.
• Pavlova, L. P. (2013). Neuroscientific perspectives on eye dominance and attention. Brain and Behavior, 3(6), 470–479.
• Ukhtomsky, A. A. (1962). The theory of dominance in neurobiology. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
• Smith, J., & Johnson, P. (2017). Cultural homogenization and economic hierarchies in the 21st century. Global Sociology, 31(2), 159–175.