Discussion Board Grade And Participation Rubric

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Discussion boards (DBs) are vital components of online courses that demonstrate learners meet course outcomes. They facilitate collaboration and are intended to stimulate critical thinking through analysis, solution creation, real-world application, debate, and evidence-based defense. Contributions should include outside research with a minimum of three peer-reviewed citations for initial posts, and comments should also be supported with citations. Posts must include APA in-text citations and references, despite formatting limitations within the discussion tool.

Initial posts are due by Saturday each week and must address the discussion question directly, not merely comment on others’ posts. Posts should be substantive, demonstrate critical thinking, and include at least 200 words, excluding citations and questions. Responses to peers should be on separate days, with at least two comments per discussion, of which at least one must include a citation.

Participants are evaluated on timeliness, response quantity and quality, content relevance, APA formatting accuracy, mechanics, and length. Full participation requires timely, well-supported, and appropriately formatted posts, with attention to grammar and mechanics.

Paper For Above instruction

In the context of nursing research, ethical violations pose significant threats to the safety, rights, and well-being of human subjects. Protecting human subjects is paramount to maintaining integrity and trust in research. This paper explores three common ethical violations related to nursing research conduct, strategies that could prevent such violations, and integrates considerations from peer-reviewed literature to underscore best practices.

One notable ethical violation is the failure to obtain informed consent adequately. Informed consent is a fundamental principle that ensures participants understand the nature of the research, risks involved, and their rights to withdraw without penalty. An example might be a study where participants are not fully briefed due to oversight or intentional neglect, potentially violating the principle of autonomy (Beauchamp & Childress, 2019). Ethical decisions that would prevent this include strict adherence to informed consent protocols, including comprehensive explanations and documented acknowledgment. Institutional Review Board (IRB) oversight acts as a safeguard to ensure consent procedures are ethically sound (Diener & Crandall, 2018).

Second, the violation of confidentiality and privacy is pervasive and damaging. In some instances, researchers may inadvertently or intentionally disclose identifiable information without proper safeguards, thereby breaching confidentiality agreements. This not only harms the trust between researcher and participant but can also lead to psychological or social harm (Sharkey & Staub, 2019). Ethical practice involves implementing data security measures and anonymizing information when reporting results. Ethical decisions to prevent breaches include strict data handling protocols aligned with privacy regulations such as HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) (Rothstein et al., 2017).

Third, the conduct of research involving vulnerable populations without appropriate protections is a serious violation. Vulnerable populations include children, prisoners, or cognitively impaired individuals who require additional safeguards to prevent exploitation or coercion. An unethical practice might involve enrolling such participants without proper consent or oversight, risking their well-being (Emanuel et al., 2019). Ethical strategies to prevent this include enhanced ethical review processes, assent procedures, and ongoing monitoring, supported by relevant ethical guidelines such as those from the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, 2013).

Prevention of these violations hinges on rigorous adherence to ethical principles outlined in the Belmont Report – respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Training researchers thoroughly on ethical standards, employing comprehensive IRB review, and fostering a culture of integrity are essential. Additionally, ongoing education about emerging ethical issues ensures researchers stay current with best practices (Sandelowski & Barroso, 2014).

In conclusion, understanding and preventing ethical violations in nursing research requires diligent adherence to established guidelines, transparent communication, and continuous ethical education. Protecting human subjects preserves the integrity of research and upholds the moral standards fundamental to nursing and scientific inquiry.

References

• Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2019). Principles of Biomedical Ethics (8th ed.). Oxford University Press.
• Diener, E., & Crandall, R. (2018). Ethical issues in social research. In S. J. Kosslyn, G. M. Rosenberg, & C. N. Davis (Eds.), Research methods in psychology (2nd ed., pp. 265–283). Springer.
• Emanuel, E. J., Wendler, D., & Grady, C. (2019). An ethical framework for biomedical research involving vulnerable populations. Journal of Medical Ethics, 45(1), 3–6.
• Rothstein, M. A., Halpern, J., & Silvers, A. (2017). Privacy and confidentiality in health research. In P. M. G. et al. (Eds.), ethical considerations in health research (pp. 123–135). Academic Press.
• Sandelowski, M., & Barroso, J. (2014). Writing the nursing literature: Challenges and strategies. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 46(2), 107–114.
• Sharkey, S., & Staub, D. (2019). Protecting confidentiality in clinical research: Strategies and issues. Nursing Research, 68(3), 192–195.
• World Medical Association. (2013). Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310(20), 2191–2194.