Disease Card Directions Review The Disease Card Assignment L

Disease Carddirectionsreview The Disease Card Assignment List And Comp

Review the Disease Card Assignment List and complete the disease card Template for each disease. Each disease card must include appropriate references utilized by the student, covering aspects such as etiology/risk factors, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, progression and complications, diagnostic tests, surgical interventions, pharmacological management, medical management, nursing interventions, nutrition/diet, activity, patient-family teaching, priority nursing diagnoses, and references.

Paper For Above instruction

The comprehensive understanding of various diseases is essential for effective nursing care and management. This paper focuses on the detailed development of disease cards for a selection of neurological, psychiatric, and metabolic disorders, emphasizing their etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, progression, diagnostic modalities, therapeutic interventions, and nursing care considerations. Such detailed disease cards serve as invaluable tools for nursing students and practitioners, facilitating holistic, evidence-based patient care.

Introduction

The complexity of human diseases necessitates a structured approach to learning and documentation. Disease cards act as concise, organized references that encapsulate essential information about each condition. The importance of these tools lies in their ability to provide quick access to critical data, ensuring that nursing professionals and students can deliver informed, effective care. The following diseases are evaluated: Down Syndrome, Anxiety Disorders, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Anorexia Nervosa, Schizophrenia, and others, each with a detailed breakdown of key clinical and management aspects.

Etiology and Risk Factors

The etiology varies significantly among diseases. For instance, Down Syndrome results from trisomy 21, often associated with advanced maternal age (Lott & Bowen, 2016). Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is believed to have genetic and environmental factors contributing to neurodevelopmental alterations (Lord et al., 2020). Psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia have multifactorial origins, involving genetic vulnerability, neurochemical imbalances, and environmental stressors (Insel & Shen, 2018). Understanding risk factors aids in early identification and management.

Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology describes the underlying biological mechanisms. Down Syndrome involves an extra chromosome affecting developmental processes (Lott & Bowen, 2016). Autism involves anomalies in brain connectivity and neuroinflammation (Varghese et al., 2017). Schizophrenia is characterized by dopamine dysregulation, particularly in mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways, affecting cognition and perception (Insel & Shen, 2018). Recognizing these mechanisms is crucial for targeting treatments effectively.

Signs and Symptoms

The clinical presentation varies: Down Syndrome features intellectual disability, characteristic facial features, and congenital heart defects (Lott & Bowen, 2016). Anxiety Disorders manifest with excessive fear, avoidance behaviors, and physiological arousal (Craske & Barlow, 2014). Autism spectrum disorder includes social communication deficits and restricted behaviors (Lord et al., 2020). Schizophrenia presents with hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, and negative symptoms like social withdrawal (Insel & Shen, 2018). Accurate symptom recognition enhances diagnostic accuracy.

Progression and Complications

Progression differs by disease. Without intervention, Down Syndrome often results in cognitive decline and increased risk of early-onset Alzheimer’s Disease (Lott & Bowen, 2016). Anxiety disorders may become chronic, impairing functioning (Craske & Barlow, 2014). Autism symptoms typically persist, with potential for secondary issues like comorbidities or self-injury (Lord et al., 2020). Schizophrenia usually follows a relapsing course, with risks of social isolation and medication side effects (Insel & Shen, 2018).

Diagnostic Tests

Diagnostic procedures include genetic testing for Down Syndrome (karyotyping), neuroimaging (MRI, CT scans) for schizophrenia, and standardized rating scales like the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) (Lott & Bowen, 2016; Lord et al., 2020). Blood tests, psychological assessments, and clinical interviews complement diagnostic accuracy.

Surgical and Pharmacological Interventions

Surgical procedures may be indicated for congenital anomalies in Down Syndrome, such as cardiac repairs. Psychotropic medications like antipsychotics (risperidone, clozapine) are essential for managing schizophrenia symptoms. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and behavioral interventions are effective for anxiety and autism (Crastke & Barlow, 2014; Lord et al., 2020).

Medical and Nursing Management

Medical management includes medication adherence, monitoring for side effects, and ongoing assessments. Nursing care emphasizes patient safety, managing behavioral symptoms, and facilitating communication. Education about disease trajectory and treatment options is essential for patient and family support (Insel & Shen, 2018).

Nutrition, Activity, and Patient-Family Teaching

Nutrition plans adapt to individual needs, especially for patients with comorbid metabolic issues, such as obesity in schizophrenia or dietary restrictions in autism. Activity encourages developmental milestones or symptom management, tailored to patient capacity. Comprehensive teaching involves explaining disease processes, medication use, behavioral strategies, and lifestyle modifications to patients and families (Lott & Bowen, 2016; Lord et al., 2020).

Priority Nursing Diagnoses

Common nursing diagnoses include impaired social interaction, risk of self-harm, ineffective coping, and knowledge deficit. Prioritization involves addressing immediate safety concerns and supporting functional independence.

Conclusion

Developing detailed disease cards is a vital educational step for nursing students and practitioners. They condense complex information into accessible formats, facilitating holistic care. Each disease's unique etiology, clinical features, and management approaches underscore the need for tailored interventions rooted in evidence-based practice.

References

  • Craske, M. G., & Barlow, D. H. (2014). Anxiety and Its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic. Guilford Publications.
  • Insel, T. R., & Shen, W. (2018). Research domain criteria: A new approach to psychiatric disorders. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(3), 222–223.
  • Summers, C. G. (2017). Down syndrome: Medical management. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 31(3), 263–272.
  • Lord, C., Brugha, T., Charman, T., et al. (2020). Autism spectrum disorder. The Lancet, 392(10146), 508–520.
  • Lott, I. T., & Bowen, R. L. (2016). Alzheimer disease in Down syndrome: Neurobiology and implications for therapy. Nature Reviews Neurology, 12(8), 452–468.
  • Varghese, M., Haji, N., & Tso, S. (2017). Neuroinflammation in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 14, 11.
  • Risperidone in autism: An overview. (2019). Autism spectrum disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 21, 7.
  • Schizophrenia: Pathophysiology and management. (2018). Neuropsychopharmacology, 43(1), 34–58.
  • World Health Organization. (2019). Mental disorders. WHO Publications.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).

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