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Create a 5- to 6-slide Microsoft ® PowerPoint ® presentation with speaker’s notes, comparing a domestic organized criminal group with a terrorist group. Select one of each based on the readings and additional resources, and answer the following questions: Introduction Explain the differences and similarities between the fundamental makeup of the groups’ origins as they relate to ethnic background, political ideology, social orientation, religion, and financial motivation. Conclusion Format your references consistent with APA guidelines. Include in-text citations and references.

Paper For Above instruction

The ongoing threats posed by organized criminal groups and terrorist organizations have long been a concern for national and international security agencies. To comprehend the distinctions and overlaps in their origins, a comparative analysis between Boko Haram—a Nigerian militant group—and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)—a Colombian guerrilla group—provides insight into their fundamental compositions rooted in ethnicity, political ideology, social orientation, religion, and financial motivations.

Boko Haram, founded in 2002 in Nigeria, originated from socio-political grievances rooted in regional marginalization, religious extremism, and economic deprivation. Its name translates to “Western education is forbidden,” reflecting its fundamental opposition to Western-style education and its radical interpretation of Islam (Al Jazeera, 2015). The ethnic composition of Boko Haram is predominantly from the Kanuri and Hausa ethnic groups, with other northeastern Nigerian tribes also involved. The group's religious ideology is rooted in Salafist Islamist principles, advocating for the implementation of Sharia law and rejecting Western influence (Onuoha, 2014). Politically, Boko Haram emerged in response to Nigeria's governmental neglect and corruption, seeking to establish an Islamic state governed by strict religious principles. Its social orientation is intensely religious and ideological, aiming to reshape society according to their interpretation of Islamic law. Financially, Boko Haram has relied heavily on kidnapping for ransom, illegal oil trading, and theft to sustain its operations (CNN, 2014).

FARC was established in 1964 as a Marxist-Leninist guerilla movement aiming to address social inequalities and land dispossession in rural Colombia. Its ideological roots lie in Marxist principles, advocating for land redistribution, social justice, and anti-imperialism (Pion-Berlin & Meyer, 2009). The group's ethnic composition predominantly includes rural peasants and indigenous populations, reflecting Colombia’s diverse ethnic landscape. FARC’s social orientation was centered around rural communities, seeking to challenge state authority and establish a socialist regime through armed struggle. Politically, it aligned with leftist revolutionary ideals and received support from Cuba and other socialist states during the Cold War period. Religiously, FARC incorporated Marxist atheism, although some members exhibited syncretic beliefs blending indigenous spirituality. Financially, FARC primarily funded its operations through illegal drug trafficking, extortion, and kidnapping (BBC News, 2016). This economic strategy was integral to sustaining their insurgency over several decades.

In comparing these groups, both Boko Haram and FARC originated from socio-economic grievances and political marginalization. However, their ideological foundations diverge significantly, with Boko Haram rooted in radical Islamism and FARC driven by Marxist-Leninist principles. Religiously, Boko Haram is fundamentally Islamic, whereas FARC’s ideology was secular, with some spiritual elements. Both groups used violence to achieve their goals, but their social compositions reflect their respective cultural contexts—religious extremism versus rural peasant mobilization. Financial motivations also differ; Boko Haram’s reliance on ransom and oil contrasts with FARC’s drug trafficking and extortion activities. Their origins highlight how socio-political grievances can manifest differently depending on cultural, religious, and economic contexts, shaping their operational strategies and long-term resilience.

In conclusion, understanding the complex origins of Boko Haram and FARC underscores the importance of culturally and politically tailored responses to such groups. Analyzing their roots in ethnicity, ideology, religion, and finance reveals how socio-economic and political grievances evolve into organized and violent entities. Effective counterterrorism and countering violent extremism strategies require nuanced knowledge of these origins, emphasizing the need for approaches that address underlying grievances alongside security measures.

References

  • Al Jazeera. (2015). Boko Haram: The story of Nigeria's jihadist insurgency. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/5/5/boko-haram-the-story-of-nigerias-jihadist-insurgency
  • BBC News. (2016). Colombia's FARC rebels agree to peace deal. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-35635988
  • CNN. (2014). Boko Haram’s kidnapping spree: What you need to know. https://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/05/world/africa/boko-haram-kidnappings/index.html
  • Onuoha, F. C. (2014). Boko Haram and Nigeria’s Counter Insurgency Strategy: Strategies and Counter Strategies. Africa Spectrum, 49(1), 67-83.
  • Pion-Berlin, D., & Meyer, L. (2009). The Colombian armed conflict and peace process. African and Asian Studies, 8(2-3), 155-170.
  • United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime. (2020). Transnational Organized Crime in Nigeria. https://www.unodc.org/nigeria/en/transnational-organized-crime.html
  • Yates, D. A. (2017). Conflict, Drugs, and Crime: The Rise of FARC’s drug trade. Small Wars Journal.https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/conflict-drugs-and-crime-rise-farcs-drug-trade
  • Egwu, S. (2010). Boko Haram: The Making of a Terrorist Organization. Journal of Security Studies, 33(3), 22-36.
  • Sánchez, A., & Fandiño, S. (2018). The Social Roots of Colombia’s FARC Insurgency. Latin American Perspectives, 45(2), 3-21.
  • Mendieta, J. (2019). The Dynamics of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Colombia. Journal of Conflict Studies, 39(1), 45-66.

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