East Africa Was Primarily Colonized By West Africans

East Africa Was Colonized Primarily By Thea West Africansb Spani

Choose the correct answer: East Africa was colonized primarily by the:

A) West Africans

B) Spanish and Portuguese

C) French and Dutch

D) British and Germans

Under apartheid in South Africa, the term “coloreds” referred to individuals of mixed _______ descent.

A) Bantu and Zulu

B) African and European

C) Protestant and Catholic

D) Spanish and Portuguese

As a result of problems with debt repayment, the International Monetary Fund required the Mexican government to cut back on:

A) petroleum exports

B) social services

C) military spending

D) manufacturing

Most anthropologists now agree that:

A) the political economy of sub-Saharan Africa is largely homogeneous

B) the general term “peasants” does not apply to peoples in African agricultural states

C) political diversity was much greater in Latin America than in Africa

D) the historical experience of Africa was similar to that of Latin America

Unit 4 Examination

6) An example of a dyadic contract would be the relationship between:

A) an individual and his cousins

B) a parent and a godparent

C) a woman and her nuclear family

D) a patriarch and his extended family

8) India, Burma, and Malaysia were conquered and colonized by the:

A) Dutch

B) French

C) British

D) Portuguese

11) The cultural materialist interpretation of the caste system attributes its origin to:

A) religious mythology

B) economic and political conditions

C) widespread social consensus

D) heredity

12) The caste system is a:

A) method of processing wheat in rural India

B) system of rural economic transactions based on reciprocity

C) political organization run by educated peasants

D) hierarchical organization of social groups based on kinship

13) Norman Chance, the first anthropologist to do fieldwork in China in the 1970s after a long period during which ethnography was prohibited, concentrated on the economic life of:

A) a mining cooperative in southern China

B) an agricultural commune near Beijing

C) nomadic herdsmen near the border with Nepal

D) a bicycle factory in Shanghai

14) What actions did German, Irish, Italian, and Polish immigrants take to overcome racial discrimination in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

A) emphasizing higher education

B) joining unions and political parties

C) shedding their ethnic identities

D) violent confrontations

19) The term “Green Revolution” refers to the increased use of ________ to increase food production in Third World countries.

A) renewable tree- and root-crop products of the tropical rain forests

B) intensive human labor for planting, weeding, and harvesting

C) traditional, organic farming methods that avoid the use of pesticides

D) mechanized agriculture, genetic engineering, and artificial hybrid crops

21) According to ethnographic research conducted by Murray Leaf, the Green Revolution has been successfully implemented in:

A) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

B) Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan

C) Western Samoa

D) Shahidpur, India

E) Mexico City, Mexico

24) Whereas most archaeologists have traditionally found employment in universities or museums, many are now working as applied archaeologists specializing in what is known as:

A) cultural resource management

B) excavation archaeology

C) exhumation regulation

D) application archaeology

22) Since the 1960s, the Ju/’hoansi or San have become:

A) one of the few indigenous societies to become financially independent

B) increasingly independent and isolated from the modern world

C) middle class citizens of the nation of South Africa

D) increasingly dependent upon government assistance

23) Conflict between the Iroquois and other indigenous tribal groups in the 1600s was NOT due to:

A) depletion of beavers and other fur-bearing animals vital to trade

B) dependence on European goods

C) the introduction of guns and ammunition by the French

D) ancient traditions of blood revenge and glory on the warpath

24) The displacement of Native Americans from their tribal lands in the U.S. in order to make the land available to white settlers was:

A) a formal policy of the United States government

B) accompanied mostly by outlaws and hired guns

C) undertaken mostly by foreign immigrants

D) a myth invented by radical Indian activists

Paper For Above instruction

East Africa's colonial history is a complex blend of various European powers vying for influence and control over the region's rich resources. The primary colonizers of East Africa were the British and Germans, with Germany establishing influence particularly in present-day Tanzania's mainland areas prior to World War I, and Britain consolidating its control subsequently. This colonial dominance dramatically shaped the political, social, and economic structures of the region, effects of which are still visible today. The legacy of European colonization manifests in administrative systems, language, and infrastructure, influencing regional development and international relations.

In South Africa, under the apartheid regime, the term “coloreds” referred specifically to individuals of mixed African and European descent. This classification was part of the apartheid's racially segregated social system that aimed to delineate racial groups and enforce policies of racial superiority and segregation. The apartheid system legally categorized populations into racial groups, thus institutionalizing social inequalities and discrimination that persisted for decades. Understanding these classifications is vital for analyzing South Africa’s social dynamics and ongoing efforts towards reconciliation and equality.

The global economic landscape has significantly impacted Mexico, especially through structural adjustment programs mandated by financial institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF). These programs often necessitated austerity measures, including cuts in social services to stabilize debt and promote economic growth. Such austerity policies resulted in decreased funding for healthcare, education, and welfare programs, which adversely affected vulnerable populations. Evaluating these policies highlights the tensions between economic stabilization and social welfare, emphasizing the importance of sustainable development strategies.

Anthropologists widely concur that Africa's political economy is highly diverse, contrary to earlier perceptions of homogeneity. The continent comprises myriad societies with distinct social structures, economic systems, and cultural practices. The term “peasant,” once broadly applied, does not accurately reflect the complex realities of African agricultural communities, which often have sophisticated social and economic institutions. This diversity challenges simplified narratives and underscores the necessity for nuanced approaches in anthropological research and policy formulation.

In social contract theory, dyadic contracts exemplify relationships involving two parties. An illustrative example is the relationship between a parent and a godparent, representing a personal and spiritual bond that entails responsibilities and commitments. These contracts differ from hierarchical or extended family relationships by emphasizing direct, bilateral interactions, highlighting the importance of individual agreements in social cohesion.

The colonization of India, Burma, and Malaysia by European powers primarily involved the British, who established extensive empires in these regions. British colonial rule in India lasted nearly two centuries, influencing political administration, economic policies, and social structures. Similarly, Burma (Myanmar) and Malaysia experienced British domination, which introduced new governance systems, economic models, and social stratifications that persisted beyond independence. These colonial histories continue to influence contemporary political and cultural identities in these nations.

The caste system in India is a hierarchical organization of social groups based on kinship and inherited status. According to the cultural materialist perspective, its origin can be traced to economic and political conditions that facilitated social stratification. This system structured social life, allocation of resources, and occupational roles, reinforcing social divisions over centuries. Its persistence underscores the complex interplay between economic interests and social identity, which has been resistant to change despite modern reforms.

The caste system profoundly influences social relations and individual identities in rural India. It dictates social interactions, marriage, and access to resources, perpetuating inequalities. While often mistaken as purely hereditary or religiously ordained, the caste system's roots lie in historical economic and political motivations that structured society. Its hierarchical nature sustains social stratification and challenges efforts toward social mobility and equality.

Norman Chance's pioneering ethnographic work in China in the 1970s centered on the economic life within a bicycle factory in Shanghai. After years of restricted ethnographic research due to prohibitions during the Cultural Revolution, Chance’s studies provided valuable insights into China's emerging industrial economy. His focus on industrial labor highlighted the changes in Chinese society, emphasizing the importance of economic factors in shaping social life during a period of significant transformation.

Immigrants from Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Poland faced racial discrimination and social barriers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in America. They often responded by joining unions and political parties that aimed to improve working conditions and political representation. These collective actions fostered community organization and advocacy, gradually helping to reduce discrimination and integrate these groups into the broader American society.

The Green Revolution refers to the adoption of mechanized agriculture, genetic engineering, and hybrid crops to boost food production in developing countries. This technological shift enabled significant increases in crop yields, reducing food insecurity but also raising concerns about environmental sustainability and dependence on industrial inputs. It marked a pivotal moment in global agricultural development, especially in countries like India and Mexico, where hunger and poverty were persistent challenges.

Research by Murray Leaf indicates that the Green Revolution has seen varying levels of success across different regions. Notably, in Shahidpur, India, and parts of Mexico City, agricultural practices and infrastructure improvements led to increased food output and economic benefits. Conversely, in areas like Western Samoa, the implementation faced obstacles due to ecological and socio-economic challenges, demonstrating that technological application must be context-specific for efficacy.

In archaeology, a growing segment of professionals now specialize in applied archaeology, particularly in cultural resource management. This field involves the assessment and preservation of archaeological sites threatened by development projects. Applied archaeologists work closely with government agencies, corporations, and communities to ensure compliance with legal regulations, balance development goals with cultural preservation, and promote sustainable practices in archaeological discovery and protection.

The Ju/’hoansi or San people of Southern Africa have experienced significant changes since the 1960s. Despite facing constraints on traditional practices and land access, they have become increasingly dependent on government assistance programs aimed at supporting their livelihoods. Their situation illustrates broader themes of indigenous resilience and adaptation within modern nation-states, reflecting ongoing struggles for recognition and autonomy.

The conflict involving the Iroquois and other indigenous groups in the 1600s was largely driven by competition over fur-bearing animals and trade with Europeans, especially beavers, whose pelts were highly valuable. The introduction of firearms by Europeans intensified warfare, but longstanding cultural traditions of blood revenge and territorial disputes also played key roles. Dependence on European goods and environmental depletion further exacerbated intertribal tensions.

The displacement of Native Americans from their traditional lands to facilitate European-American expansion was a formal policy enacted through treaties, military actions, and legislation such as the Indian Removal Act of 1830. This process was often violent and involved government-backed removals, like the Trail of Tears, which forcibly expelled tribes to designated territories, often leading to significant cultural and demographic upheavals. This systematic displacement was driven by economic interests and a desire for land dominance.

References

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• Hobsbawm, E. (1983). The Age of Empire: 1875-1914. Vintage Books.
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