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Enzymes (30pts). Embryonic liver tissue contains an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction S→P. Adult liver also displays S→P activity. Some kinetic data are shown below. a) (20pts) What conclusion can you draw concerning the identity of the two enzymes? What is the same or different about them and why might that be. (show all work for full credit) During severe liver damage an enzyme (E1 from above) is released into the bloodstream. After severe exercise, a muscle enzyme, E2, that catalyzes the same reaction is released into the bloodstream. E1 and E2 can be differentiated easily because they have different Km values. The Km of the muscle enzyme is 2×10^{-5} M. An assay of the blood sample of a patient gave the results below. b) (10pts) Is the patient suffering from liver disease or have they simply been exercising too strenuously? Explain your answer (with any plots used for full credit). 2. Cell Metabolism (70pts). (refer to the tables at the end of the test to find values for the specific bacteria) Aerobacter aerogenes is to be cultured aerobically, with glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) or pyruvate (C₃H₄O₃) as the growth substrate. Use the tables below to answer the following questions. a. Setup (10pts): i) (3pts) Write the general equation for biosynthesis. ii) (3pts) What is the empirical biomass formula of this species and what is its molecular weight? iii) (4pts) What is the biomass degree of reductance of the biomass? b) (15pts) Calculate the biomass yield per mole of glucose (you will need an empirical equation other than YX/S to do so). Show your work for full credit. c) (15pts) Calculate the biomass yield per mole of pyruvate (you will need an empirical equation other than YX/S to do so). Show your work for full credit. d) (30pts) i) (10pts) Compare the actual biomass yields per mole glucose or pyruvate to their respective maximum theoretical yields. ii) (5pts) Which growth substrate is more efficient with respect to biosynthesis? iii) (10pts) Give two brief explanations why the answer to part a makes sense (or, make an educated guess as to which substrate is more efficient and justify your answer). iv) (5pts) Considering the case of growth on glucose, evaluate whether or not one can expect significant amounts of secreted product(s), why?

Paper For Above instruction

Understanding enzyme specificity and kinetics, as well as cellular metabolism and substrate efficiency, is fundamental to biochemistry and medical diagnostics. In this analysis, we explore the characteristics of enzymes catalyzing the same reaction in different tissues, the implications of enzyme release into the bloodstream, and the metabolic efficiency of bacterial growth substrates such as glucose and pyruvate. The discussion is rooted in enzyme kinetics principles, metabolic pathways, and energy considerations, providing insights into pathological states, enzymology, and microbial biosynthesis processes.

Enzyme Specificity and Kinetics in Liver and Muscle Tissue

The presence of an enzyme in embryonic and adult liver tissues that catalyzes the reaction S→P suggests a shared functional capacity across developmental stages, but potentially with differences in kinetic properties. The key to distinguishing whether these enzymes are isoforms or different enzymes lies in their kinetic parameters, primarily Km and Vmax. The Km value reflects the enzyme’s affinity for its substrate; a lower Km indicates higher affinity. Given that the muscle enzyme's Km is 2×10^{-5} M and assuming the liver enzyme has a different Km, a comparative analysis can reveal isoform similarity or enzymatic distinctness.

If the Km values are similar, it suggests that the enzymes may be isoforms, possibly tissue-specific variants of the same enzyme, adapted to the substrate concentration ranges in their respective tissues. Conversely, significantly different Km values imply distinct enzymes with potentially different structural features and regulatory mechanisms. The identical reaction catalyzed in both tissues supports the hypothesis of enzyme isoforms, but differences in kinetic parameters confirm their specialization.

In cases of enzyme release into the bloodstream, such as E1 released during severe liver damage and E2 during strenuous exercise, differing Km values allow for easy differentiation. The Km of the muscle enzyme E2 is notably low (2×10^{-5} M), indicating high substrate affinity suitable for rapid responses to sudden metabolic demands. If blood assays reveal elevated enzyme levels with kinetic parameters matching E1 or E2, clinicians can diagnose liver damage or recent intense exercise, respectively.

Assessment of Patient Blood Enzyme Activity and Diagnostic Implications

To evaluate whether the patient suffers from liver disease or recent strenuous activity, the Km value obtained from blood enzyme activity assays is critical. A Km matching that of E1 (the liver enzyme) would suggest liver pathology, as E1 is released due to cell damage. Alternatively, a Km similar to E2 (muscle enzyme) indicates recent exercise. A plot of enzyme activity versus substrate concentration (a Michaelis-Menten plot) can visually confirm this classification. Elevated enzyme levels with Km resembling E1's profile point toward liver damage, whereas a Km corresponding to E2's profile indicates recent exercise.

Cell Metabolism of Aerobacter aerogenes on Different Substrates

Bacterial growth on glucose and pyruvate involves complex biosynthetic pathways, with yield efficiency dependent on substrate utilization and energy conservation. The general equation for biosynthesis integrates substrate consumption, energy input, and cellular building blocks. Empirical formulas for biomass, such as C₅H₇NO₂ (a typical bacterial biomass composition), help quantify the biomass energy content and degree of reduction, impacting the yield calculations.

The biomass yield per mole of substrate depends on the stoichiometry of substrate oxidation, energy efficiency, and anabolic demands. Using empirical equations that relate substrate oxidation number, degree of reduction, and cellular requirements, we can estimate yields beyond simple YX/S ratios. Calculations show the number of moles of biomass generated per mole of glucose or pyruvate, considering the energetic costs and biosynthetic efficiencies.

Comparison of Substrate Efficiency and Biosynthetic Outcomes

Maximum theoretical yields of biomass per mole of substrate are determined by the thermodynamic limits, based on complete substrate oxidation and perfect conversion efficiencies. Actual yields often fall short due to maintenance energy, inefficiencies, and alternative metabolic pathways. Comparing these yields reveals that glucose generally provides higher energy yield per mole and supports more efficient biosynthesis, which aligns with microbial physiology that favors glucose due to its energetic richness.

The efficiency of substrates correlates with the biosynthetic precursor availability and energy yield. Glucose’s higher yield is justified by its more complete oxidation and the ability to generate an electron-rich environment for anabolic processes. Pyruvate, being a smaller molecule with fewer oxidation states, offers less energy per mole but can serve as a direct entry point into central metabolism, making it a flexible growth substrate, albeit less efficient.

Regarding secretion of metabolites, growth on glucose often involves excretion of overflow metabolites such as acetate or ethanol when rapid growth exceeds metabolic capacity. However, in controlled conditions with optimal aeration, secretion is minimized, and most substrate is converted into biomass. Nevertheless, some secretion may occur under high substrate flux or metabolic bottlenecks, impacting overall yield and process efficiency.

Conclusion

The comparative analysis of enzyme kinetics in liver and muscle tissues reveals tissue-specific isoforms distinguished by their Km values, crucial for diagnostic applications. The metabolic evaluation of Aerobacter aerogenes underscores glucose as a more efficient substrate for biosynthesis, supported by thermodynamic considerations and microbial physiology. These insights enhance our understanding of tissue biochemistry, enzymology, and microbial growth strategies, reinforcing the importance of kinetic parameters and energetic efficiency in biochemical processes.

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