Essay On Completing Module Week 3 Reading And Study Items

Essay 2upon Completing Moduleweek 3 Reading And Study Items You Wil

Upon completing Module/Week 3 Reading and Study items, you will be well equipped to write an essay that shows your ability to differentiate between different types of learning (e.g., social learning, classical conditioning, operant conditioning); create examples of positive and negative punishment, as well as positive and negative reinforcement; describe different models of memory; and apply memory principles to real-world situations. (MLOs: A, B, C, D)

Paper For Above instruction

The third week of study provides a comprehensive understanding of various fundamental concepts in psychology, particularly those related to learning and memory. This essay aims to demonstrate proficiency in differentiating among different types of learning, creating relevant examples of reinforcement and punishment, describing models of memory, and applying these concepts to everyday situations.

Firstly, understanding different types of learning is crucial. Classical conditioning, first identified by Ivan Pavlov, involves learning through association where a neutral stimulus becomes linked to a stimulus that naturally elicits a response. For example, a dog learned to salivate when hearing a bell after the sound was repeatedly paired with food. On the other hand, operant conditioning, described by B.F. Skinner, involves learning through consequences, where behaviors are strengthened or weakened by reinforcement or punishment. An example is a student receiving praise for completing homework, which increases the likelihood of the behavior recurring. Social learning, popularized by Albert Bandura, emphasizes learning through observation and imitation. For example, children learning aggressive behavior after watching violent TV shows demonstrates social learning.

Creating examples of positive and negative reinforcement and punishment is essential to understanding behavioral modifications. Positive reinforcement involves adding a favorable stimulus to increase behavior; for instance, giving a child candy for cleaning their room encourages them to continue cleaning. Negative reinforcement entails removing an unfavorable stimulus to increase behavior, such as turning off loud noise once a task is completed, motivating continued effort. Conversely, positive punishment involves adding an unfavorable stimulus to decrease behavior, like giving extra homework to reduce tardiness. Negative punishment involves removing a favorable stimulus, such as taking away video game privileges when rules are broken, to discourage undesirable behavior.

In addition to behavioral theories, models of memory provide insight into how information is processed and stored. The Atkinson-Shiffrin model depicts memory as a flow through three stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Sensory memory briefly holds sensory information, which, if attended to, moves into short-term memory, where active processing occurs. With rehearsal and encoding, information transfers to long-term memory, where it can be retained indefinitely. Another model, the working memory model proposed by Baddeley and Hitch, emphasizes the active manipulation of information through components like the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad to support complex cognitive tasks.

Applying these concepts to real-world situations enhances understanding. For example, educators can use reinforcement strategies to promote positive student behaviors, such as praise and rewards, while reducing undesirable actions through appropriate punishment. In memory, techniques like chunking or mnemonics leverage our understanding of memory models to improve information retention. Understanding the different types of learning also helps in behavior modification programs, whether in therapy, education, or everyday life. Overall, mastery of these concepts enables better application in various contexts, improving learning outcomes and behavioral management.

In conclusion, the knowledge gained about types of learning, reinforcement and punishment, and models of memory is vital for understanding human behavior and mental processes. Recognizing how classical and operant learning operate, along with the influence of social learning, allows for practical applications in education and behavior change. Moreover, comprehension of memory models aids in developing effective strategies for learning and information retention. By integrating these concepts, individuals can better understand themselves and others, fostering more effective communication, learning, and behavioral control.

References

• Blake, R. R. (2012). Behavioral Psychology: Principles and Applications. New York: Psychology Press.
• Baddeley, A., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 8, 47-89.
• Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex. Oxford University Press.
• Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and Human Behavior. New York: Free Press.
• Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice-Hall.
• Goldstein, E. B. (2015). Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience. Cengage Learning.
• Matlin, M. W. (2009). Cognition. John Wiley & Sons.
• Schacter, D. L., Gilbert, D. T., & Wegner, D. M. (2011). Psychology. Macmillan.
• Myers, D. G. (2014). Psychology. Worth Publishers.
• Ormrod, J. E. (2016). Educational Psychology: Developing Learners. Pearson.