ETCS 680 Networking Technology For Industry Analysis Assignm

Etcs 680 Networking Technology For Industry Analysis Assignment 31 Li

Etcs 680 Networking Technology For Industry Analysis Assignment 31 Li

ETCS 680 NETWORKING TECHNOLOGY FOR INDUSTRY ANALYSIS ASSIGNMENT 3 1. List five common applications of the Internet. 2. In the Internet address what is the type of domain and what is the host? 3. What symbol or character designates an e-mail address? 4. Name the three most common ways that a person accesses the Internet from home. 5. What do you call the company that provides an Internet connection to subscribers? 6. What piece of software is needed to access the World Wide Web? 7. What networking technology is gradually replacing ATM and SONET in the backbone? 8. What is the size of the packet used in ATM systems? 9. What piece of equipment is used in the transmission of ATM packets? 10. What are the main advantages of OTN over SONET? 11. What network topologies are common with SONET? 12. What are the designation and speed of the fastest SONET connection? 13. Name the equipment used to get data into and out of a SONET system. 14. What is the total number of bytes or octets in a SONET frame? 15. True or false? SONET can be used to carry packetized data. 16. What is the fastest current OTN data rate? 17. What is the maximum payload of an OTN frame? 18. What FEC is used in OTN? 19. What specifically does a router look for during packet transmission? 20. How does a router know where to send a packet? 21. What is the name of the basic input/output interfaces used in routers? 22. What is the name of the circuit that lets any input be connected to any output in a router? 23. Why is the line rate of an OTN packet higher than the actual data rate? 24. What is the name of the circuit used for serial-to-parallel conversion? 25. What is the name given to the fiber-optic network making up the Internet? 26. What WAN transmission media and protocols are used in the Internet? 27. Explain the process of packet switching. 28. What is the name of the equipment used to inspect every packet transmitted over the Internet? 29. What software protocol prepares packets for transmission over the Internet? 30. What software protocol actually transmits the packets? 31. What software makes sure that any packets transmitted out of sequence get reassembled correctly? 32. Is TCP actually called into play during a packet’s transmission from source to destination? Explain. 33. Name the two basic speeds of the Internet backbone. 34. What name is given to the format of an IP address? 35. How many different classes of IP addresses are there? 36. What devices are identified by IP addresses in classes A, B, and C? 37. In the IP address 133.46.182.9, identify the class, network ID, and host ID. 38. What is a mask? 39. What logical process is used with the mask and the IP address? 40. What is a subnet? 41. What are the two names given to clusters of disk drives used for massive storage? 42. What is the name given to external disk drives connected to a PC or server via the SCSI? 43. What is SCSI? What is its nickname? 44. Name the two kinds of large-scale storage system networked to PCs. What is the main difference between them? 45. In a SAN, what is the name of the interface and protocol used in connecting the disk drive systems to the servers? 46. What is the physical medium used in an FC system? 47. What are the speeds of transmission of an FC system? 48. Name the interface used to attach a server or disk system to the SAN. 49. How are servers and disk systems connected to one another in a SAN? 50. What is the name of the SAN interface used in place of FC? PROBLEMS 1. What is the shortest time for transmitting 50 ATM packets at 2.5 Gbps? 2. How many bits does it take to represent an IPv4 address of 124.76.190.38? 3. Convert the IPv4 address 222.155.8.17 to binary and hexadecimal. 4. Logically AND the number 125 with 128, 0, 15, and 240. Express the result in decimal. 5. How many bits and octets are there in the IPv6 address of: 0123:2456:789A:BCDE:F987:6543:210A:EF75?

Paper For Above instruction

The Internet has become an integral part of modern society, facilitating a wide range of applications that impact daily life, commerce, education, and communication. Understanding its fundamental components and technologies is essential for analyzing its role in industry and society. This paper explores various aspects of networking technology relevant to industry analysis, including common applications, addressing schemes, transmission media, and advanced optical networking technologies such as SONET, OTN, and SANs, alongside essential networking protocols.

Five common applications of the Internet include email, web browsing, online shopping, streaming services, and social media platforms. Email remains a primary mode of digital communication, enabling personal and professional correspondence across the globe. Web browsing facilitates access to information, services, and entertainment, making the Internet a vast repository of knowledge. Online shopping has revolutionized retail by providing customers with access to goods and services from anywhere, anytime. Streaming services, such as music, videos, and live broadcasts, leverage high bandwidth networks to deliver content seamlessly. Social media platforms, like Facebook and Twitter, foster connectivity, community building, and real-time communication, demonstrating the Internet's pervasive influence.

In an Internet address, the domain typically comprises the top-level domain (TLD) and the second-level domain (SLD), forming a hierarchical structure. The host refers to the specific device or server within the domain network. For instance, in the URL "www.example.com," "example" is the domain, while "www" designates the host, often a web server. The domain type is often categorized by TLDs such as .com, .edu, or .org, which indicate the nature or geographical location of the domain.

An email address is generally designated by the "@" symbol, which separates the local part (user identifier) from the domain part. For example, in "john.doe@gmail.com," "john.doe" is the user, and "gmail.com" is the domain name where the mailbox resides.

Home Internet access methods commonly include Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), cable broadband, and fiber-optic connections. DSL uses telephone lines to deliver Internet services; cable broadband utilizes coaxial cable networks; and fiber-optic connections provide high-speed data transfer through thin strands of glass or plastic.

The company that provides Internet connections to subscribers is called an Internet Service Provider (ISP). ISPs offer various connectivity options, including broadband, wireless, satellite, and fiber-optic services, acting as the gateway between users and the broader Internet infrastructure.

Access to the World Wide Web requires using web browsers such as Chrome, Firefox, Safari, or Edge. These software applications retrieve, display, and allow interaction with web pages and multimedia content, rendering the Web accessible to users.

Gradually replacing Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) in backbone networks is the Internet Protocol (IP)-based network technology, notably MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) and Ethernet-based solutions. These technologies offer higher flexibility, scalability, and cost efficiency for high-speed data transmission.

In ATM systems, data is segmented into fixed-size packets called cells, which are 53 bytes (octets) long. These cells facilitate efficient switching and ensure predictable quality of service, especially for real-time multimedia traffic.

The equipment used in the transmission of ATM packets includes ATM switches, which facilitate cell multiplexing and switching within telecommunications networks. ATM switches rearrange cells based on label information, ensuring rapid forwarding and interconnection of different network segments.

Optical Transport Network (OTN) offers several advantages over SONET/SDH, including higher bandwidth efficiency, better support for data encryption, improved scalability, and advanced management features. OTN encapsulates various protocols, enabling seamless transport of diverse traffic types, including packet, TDM, and Ethernet formats.

SONET (Synchronous Optical Networking) commonly employs ring, star, or hybrid topologies, providing high reliability and redundancy. Ring topology, in particular, allows for quick rerouting around failure points, maintaining service continuity.

The fastest SONET connection is designated as OC-768/STM-256, with data rates of approximately 40 Gbps, leveraging advanced optical technologies for ultra-high-speed data transfer.

Equipment used to interface with SONET systems includes multiplexers, terminal equipment, and add-drop multiplexers (ADMs), which enable data insertion and extraction at various network points.

A SONET frame consists of 810 bytes (octets), structured into overhead and data sections. This framing facilitates synchronization, error checking, and management of optical channels.

True — SONET can carry packetized data through mechanisms like Packet over SONET (POS), which encapsulate packets within SONET frames to support IP traffic.

The current fastest OTN data rate is 400 Gbps, employing advanced modulation formats to increase capacity over optical networks.

The maximum payload of an OTN frame depends on the specific implementation, but it can handle multiple Gigabit Ethernet tributaries, up to 100 Gbps or more in advanced systems.

Forward Error Correction (FEC) in OTN often uses Golay coding, which enhances signal integrity by detecting and correcting errors in transmitted data.

Routers examine packet headers during transmission to determine routing information, including destination IP address, protocol information, and other control data necessary for forwarding.

A router determines where to send a packet by consulting its routing table, which contains predefined routes and network topology information to make forwarding decisions.

The basic input/output interfaces in routers are called Network Interface Cards (NICs); in the context of networking hardware, these are also referred to as network ports or interfaces.

A circuit that allows any input port to connect to any output port in a router is called a crossbar switch or crosspoint switch. This configuration facilitates flexible routing and high-speed switching.

The line rate of an OTN packet is higher than the actual data rate because it accounts for overhead, framing, and error correction data, which are essential for maintaining integrity and management at high transmission speeds.

Serial-to-parallel conversion circuits are typically called serializers or deserializers (SerDes). These circuits convert serial data streams into parallel data for processing and vice versa, enabling efficient high-speed data transfer.

The fiber-optic network making up the Internet is commonly referred to as the optical fiber backbone or simply the global optical network, which carries the bulk of data traffic worldwide.

Internet Wide Area Network (WAN) transmission media include fiber optics, coaxial cables, microwave links, and satellite links. Protocols used encompass TCP/IP suite, Ethernet, MPLS, and MPLS VPN, among others.

Packet switching involves dividing messages into small packets, each of which is routed independently through the network, allowing efficient utilization of bandwidth, dynamic routing, and improved fault tolerance.

Equipment used to inspect transmitted packets include packet analyzers, network taps, and Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). These devices monitor, analyze, and identify anomalies or security threats in data transmission.

The software protocol responsible for preparing packets for Internet transmission is the Internet Protocol (IP). It defines packet formats, addressing schemes, and routing processes.

The actual transmission of packets over the Internet is handled by Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which manages reliable delivery, error correction, and sequencing of packets between sender and receiver.

TCP ensures that out-of-sequence packets are reassembled correctly by utilizing sequence numbers and acknowledgments, maintaining data integrity and ordered delivery.

Yes, TCP is invoked during a packet’s transmission. It establishes connections, manages packet sequencing, and ensures reliable delivery, playing a vital role in the end-to-end communication process.

The two basic speeds of the Internet backbone are 1 Gbps and 10 Gbps, although higher speeds such as 40 Gbps and 100 Gbps are increasingly common in high-capacity cores.

An IP address format is called dotted-decimal notation, consisting of four decimal octets separated by dots, such as 192.168.0.1.

There are five classes of IP addresses: Class A, B, C, D, and E, each designated for different purposes and network sizes.

Devices identified by Class A IP addresses include large organizations with extensive networks; Class B addresses typically identify medium-sized networks such as universities, and Class C addresses are used for small networks like local LANs.

In the IP address 133.46.182.9, the class is B (based on the first octet), the network ID is 133.46, and the host ID is 182.9.

A mask, or subnet mask, is a 32-bit number used to divide the IP address into network and host parts, enabling subnetting and efficient IP address allocation.

A logical AND operation is performed between the mask and the IP address to extract network and host information, facilitating routing decisions.

A subnet is a subdivision of an IP network, created by partitioning a larger network into smaller, manageable segments using subnet masks.

Clusters of disk drives used for large-scale storage are called Storage Area Networks (SANs) and Network-Attached Storage (NAS). SANs are interconnected block-level storage devices, whereas NAS offers file-level storage accessible over a network.

External disk drives connected via SCSI are called SCSI drives, or more specifically, external SCSI drives, often referred to as SCSI enclosures or SCSI arrays.

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) is a set of standards for connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices. Its nickname is "Small Computer System Interface" or simply "SCSI."

Two large-scale storage systems linked to PCs are Storage Area Networks (SANs) and Network-Attached Storage (NAS). SANs connect storage devices at the block level, while NAS provides file-level data sharing over IP networks.

In a SAN, the interface and protocol used to connect disk systems to servers is typically Fibre Channel (FC). FC is a high-speed network technology optimized for storage networking.

The physical medium used in Fibre Channel (FC) systems is optical fiber or copper cabling, depending on distance and speed requirements.

Transmission speeds in FC systems range from 1 Gbps to 32 Gbps, with 16 Gbps and 32 Gbps being the most advanced currently available.

The interface used to attach servers or disk systems to a SAN is called the Fibre Channel Host Bus Adapter (HBA). It connects host systems to the Fibre Channel network.

Servers and disk systems are interconnected in a SAN through Fibre Channel switches, which provide dedicated pathways for data transfer, ensuring high-speed, reliable connectivity.

The SAN interface that can replace Fibre Channel in certain architectures is called iSCSI (Internet Small Computer Systems Interface). It encapsulates SCSI commands within IP packets for transmission over Ethernet networks.

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