Explanations Of Crime And Criminal Behavior 999065

Explanations Of Crime And Criminal Behaviorcrime Brings Together Hones

Explanations of Crime and Criminal Behavior Crime brings together honest men and concentrates them. - Émile Durkheim. You may find it interesting that the arguments as to why a person becomes a criminal are a bit similar to why some become leaders. At the center of the argument or more aptly called debate regarding leadership is the question of whether leadership is nature or nurture. Those who believe it is nurture say leaders are made, while those who believe it is nature say leaders are born. The same two points of reference are often debated by criminologists pertaining to criminals.

In fact, no one really knows for sure why certain people seem more prone than others to commit crimes. However, there are several theories as to why. Scholarly debate about theories is beneficial as such discussions often spark more study. This is also likely why there are so many theories and perspectives to consider in criminology. Scholarly theories are the “nuts-and-bolts” of criminology and are applied toward gaining a better understanding of the characteristics of those who choose a life of crime.

Remember, a theory is not a fact, but conclusions and thoughts based on observation of occurrences. The most basic definition of a theory is an educated guess – a guess based on facts and observation. Nature versus Nurture Typically, scholarly reading indicates theories supporting both nature and nurture, with findings that sometimes contradict each other. In this lesson, two additional theories will be discussed—life-course theory and evolutionary neuroandrogenic (ENA) theory—that are based on the understanding that criminal behavior is likely a combination of both nature and nurture.

Life-Course Theory

The life-course theory emphasizes the relationship between time and behavior, suggesting that age, relationships, changes, and societal factors over an individual’s lifetime significantly influence behavior. It incorporates biological, psychological, and spiritual aspects of humans in relation to their environment across their lifespan. This multidisciplinary approach draws from sociology, anthropology, history, demographics, and psychology.

This theory originated from longitudinal studies examining how life events impact family life, education, and employment. For example, researchers might follow survivors of traumatic events like school shootings over several years, observing how such incidents disrupt their lives and influence future behaviors. A core idea is that the reaction and response to life events influence future decisions and actions, potentially leading someone toward or away from criminal behavior.

The theory identifies several factors, termed as “determinants”: cohorts, transitions, trajectories, life events, and turning points. Cohorts refer to support groups, including family and social circles. Transitions involve role changes, such as moving from an eldest child to a caregiver. Trajectories describe ongoing patterns of stability or change. Life events are impactful occurrences that disrupt routines, and turning points are significant life-altering moments that can substantially change a person's direction—positively or negatively. The fundamental premise is that individuals facing persistent risks like poverty or neglect may be more inclined toward criminal choices, whereas those with fewer risks tend to avoid such pathways.

ENA Theory

Evolutionary neuroandrogenic (ENA) theory posits a model that straddles both nature and nurture. It suggests that criminal behavior is learned through exposure and modeling (nurture), but also stems from innate biological and instinctual drives (nature). The theory supports the idea that biological factors, inherited traits, and evolutionary adaptations influence the propensity toward criminality.

Proponents argue that certain criminal behaviors are rooted in evolutionary processes, particularly with regard to males' competition for dominant reproductive roles. Over generations, males with stronger physical and competitive traits evolved, sometimes manifesting in criminal activity aimed at gaining power or resources. This biological predisposition is thought to be more pronounced among males, although females with biological tendencies and environmental influences may also engage in criminal acts driven by competition or social influences.

ENA theory emphasizes that criminal behavior can be mitigated or influenced through pharmacological interventions aimed at modifying neurological and physiological factors. Rehabilitation and retraining are also key components supported by this theory. However, in cases involving serious or violent crimes, ENA advocates for stringent measures like long-term imprisonment to prevent harmful genetic or biological traits from propagating.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the debate surrounding why individuals commit crimes continues to be unresolved, with scholars supporting both biological and environmental explanations. The theories discussed—life-course and ENA—highlight the complexity involved, suggesting that criminal behavior results from a combination of biological, psychological, and societal influences. Recognizing this multifaceted nature is essential in law enforcement, criminal justice, and social policy, as it informs prevention, intervention, and rehabilitative efforts. Understanding the nuanced interplay of nature and nurture can help professionals develop more effective strategies to address criminal behavior and reduce recidivism.

References

  • Burt, C., & Simons, R. (2019). The Life Course Perspective on Crime. Journal of Crime & Justice, 42(4), 567-583.
  • Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2006). Strategic approaches to understanding origins of violent behavior. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 43(4), 418-420.
  • Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford University Press.
  • Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime and Deviance over the Life Course. Annual Review of Sociology, 19, 323–347.
  • Raine, A. (2013). The Biological Basis of Violence. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 461-489.
  • Wilson, W. J. (2009). More Than Just Race: Being Black and Poor in the Inner City. W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Moffitt, T. E. (2006). Growth Processes and the Development of Crime: A Life course perspective. Crime and Justice, 34(1), 211-251.
  • Hubble, M. (2017). Evolutionary theories and criminal behavior. Journal of Criminal Justice, 48, 81-89.
  • Simons, R. L., & Burt, C. H. (2011). The Role of Life Events and Trajectories in Crime. Journal of Developmental and Life Course Criminology, 2(2), 123-146.
  • Barker, E. D., & Maughan, B. (2009). Differentiating the Effects of Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Parental Psychopathology on Child Conduct Problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(3), 380-399.

Related Assignments