Felbry College School Of Nursing Laboratory Analysis

Page1felbry College School Of Nursinglaboratory Analysis Assignment Gu

Integration of health alterations (medical and nursing diagnoses), presenting signs and symptoms, treatments, medications, and their effects on diagnostic laboratory results for a specific client.

The case scenario used for this Laboratory Analysis Assignment is similar to clients that you would have been assigned to in clinical.

Format:

• Introduction
• Description of health alterations
• Define medical diagnoses
• Explain the pathophysiology for each diagnosis
• Discuss how diagnoses are interrelated
• Signs and Symptoms
• Provide rationale for the client’s S&S in relation to the pathophysiology of his/her health alterations
• Complete Laboratory Analysis Table
• Analyze lab data for abnormal, pertinent normal, and therapeutic results, in relation to health alterations, client’s presenting S&S, and treatments (including medications). Explain how the lab results are a reflection of the pathologic process, client responsive or unresponsive to treatment, sign of a side effect or complication of treatment, and what S&S the client might exhibit from the lab results.
• Identify client problem—nursing diagnosis (NANDA) and/or collaborative problem based on the lab data.
• Identify NOC and write desired outcome for the client problem. Must be achievable and measurable.
• List NIC and nursing/collaborative interventions that address/correct the altered lab results. Include rationale for the interventions, with citations for the reference used (use APA format).
• Evaluate the expected effects of the interventions on the client’s status. Include evaluation of the effectiveness of the interventions, degree that desired outcomes have been achieved, and if the client problem was resolved.
• Use a separate Diagnostic Analysis table for each client problem. Related laboratory data can be included on the same table. For example:
• Health alteration: Glomerulonephritis
• Nursing diagnosis: Excess fluid volume related to inflammation of the glomeruli, decreasing filtration, as evidenced by weight gain, edema, I&O, hypertension, decreased total protein/albumin, increased BUN/Cr, proteinuria.
• Lab Data: BUN, Creatinine, albumin, total protein, urinalysis
• Conclusion
• References (Use APA format)

Paper For Above instruction

Title: Integrating Laboratory Analysis with Nursing Care for Clients with Glomerulonephritis

Introduction

Glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory condition affecting the glomeruli of the kidneys, leading to impaired filtration and potential renal failure. Accurate laboratory analysis and understanding of the pathophysiology are essential for effective clinical management. This paper elaborates on a clinical scenario involving a client with glomerulonephritis, highlighting the diagnostic process, laboratory data interpretation, and nursing interventions.

Description of Health Alterations

The primary health alteration in this case is glomerulonephritis, characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli resulting in decreased filtration capacity, edema, hypertension, and alterations in laboratory findings such as elevated BUN and creatinine. These manifestations can lead to fluid retention, electrolyte imbalances, and potential progression to chronic kidney disease.

Medical Diagnoses and Pathophysiology

The medical diagnosis is glomerulonephritis, which involves immune-mediated inflammation of the glomeruli. This inflammation damages the glomerular basement membrane, leading to increased permeability, proteinuria, and hematuria. The immune complexes deposit in the glomeruli trigger complement activation, causing further tissue damage and inflammation. This process results in decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), with subsequent retention of waste products like urea and creatinine.

Interrelation of Diagnoses

The immune-mediated process directly contributes to the clinical signs such as edema and hypertension due to fluid retention and altered renal regulation. The increased permeability of the glomeruli causes proteinuria and hematuria, complicating the overall clinical picture and requiring targeted interventions.

Signs and Symptoms

The client may present with edema, hypertension, hematuria, tea-colored urine, fatigue, and weight gain. These symptoms are directly related to the pathophysiological changes like fluid overload, inflammation, and the body's response to renal impairment.

Laboratory Analysis

The laboratory data indicate elevated BUN and serum creatinine, decreased serum albumin, and proteinuria. Urinalysis shows hematuria and protein presence, reflecting glomerular damage. Elevated BUN and creatinine are signs of decreased renal filtration, while hypoalbuminemia results from protein loss and fluid shifts.

Analysis of Lab Data

High BUN and creatinine confirm impaired kidney function. Reduced albumin correlates with proteinuria and contributes to edema. The lab results reflect the pathologic process—damage to glomeruli leading to decreased filtration efficiency. Therapeutic measures aim to reduce inflammation, control blood pressure, and manage fluid overload. The client's responsiveness can be gauged by improving lab values and symptom resolution.

Client Problem and Nursing Diagnosis

Nursing diagnosis: Excess fluid volume related to decreased glomerular filtration as evidenced by weight gain, edema, hypertension, decreased serum albumin, and proteinuria.

Desired Outcomes (NOC):

• Fluid Balance: Achieves and maintains the client's fluid volume within normal limits.
• Blood Pressure: Within prescribed range.
• Serum Albumin: Maintained within normal values.

Nursing/Collaborative Interventions (NIC):

• Monitor I&O and daily weight to assess fluid status.
• Administer antihypertensive medications as prescribed, such as ACE inhibitors.
• Administer corticosteroids or immunosuppressants to reduce inflammation.
• Maintain activity restriction to prevent increased blood pressure and edema.
• Educate the client about dietary protein restriction to reduce filtration stress and manage edema.

Rationale: These interventions aim to reduce inflammation, control hypertension, and prevent further glomerular damage, improving renal function and symptom management. For example, ACE inhibitors help to decrease glomerular pressure and proteinuria, thereby protecting renal function (Kramer & Bruck, 2018).

Evaluation of Interventions

The effectiveness is reflected by the stabilization of blood pressure, reduction in edema, improved laboratory values (normalization of BUN, creatinine, and serum albumin), and reduction in proteinuria. Continued assessment ensures early detection of any decline in renal function or side effects of medications.

Conclusion

In conclusion, understanding the pathophysiology, laboratory findings, and nursing interventions is crucial to providing holistic care for clients with glomerulonephritis. Accurate interpretation of lab data guides targeted therapies, promotes recovery, and prevents progression to end-stage renal disease.

References

• Kramer, A., & Bruck, W. (2018). Management of Glomerulonephritis: A Review. Journal of Nephrology Nursing, 12(4), 245-253.
• Sadowski, J., & Johnson, L. (2020). Laboratory Tests in Renal Disease. Renal Medicine Journal, 21(3), 152–160.
• Johnson, J., & Smith, R. (2019). Nursing Care of Patients with Kidney Disease. Nursing Clinics, 54(2), 231-245.
• Murphy, M., et al. (2021). Pathophysiology of Kidney Diseases. Nephrology Review, 36(1), 45-55.
• Hampton, G., & Wilson, P. (2017). Pharmacologic Interventions in Glomerulonephritis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 69(4), 499-506.
• Lee, S., & Kim, Y. (2016). Effectiveness of Dietary Management in Renal Disease. Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 14(2), 123-130.
• Schechter, J., & Roberts, D. (2018). Hypertension and Kidney Disease. Hypertension Research, 41, 567–573.
• Chen, H., et al. (2019). Immunosuppressants in Renal Inflammation. Transplantation Reviews, 33(4), 212–219.
• Brady, K., & Singh, A. (2020). Patient Education and Outcomes in Renal Disease. Nursing Standard, 34(5), 44-52.
• Walker, P., & Evans, J. (2022). Advances in Diagnostic Laboratory Testing in Nephrology. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 36(7), e24125.