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First video: second video: Introduction Before the 1950s, “computers” were human, they were not machines. The first human computers appeared in the mid-1700s when people wanted to solve big, complex problems by approximation and repetitive solutions, such as determine when Halley’s Comet would return. Scientists realized that they could break complicated calculations apart so that a team could work on them. Human computers also adopted Industrial Revolution methods such as specialization, division of labor, and mass production. The field reached its peak during WWII. As electronic computers took over calculation-intensive work, some human computers became programming pioneers. Answer questions on Human computers Why are mathematical computations important to human progress? Give examples throughout history and imagine technologies that can benefit from mathematical computations in the future. What was the meaning of the word “computer” in the past and how is it different from the current definition? How did new manufacturing strategies in the Industrial Revolution transform human computing? What effect did mainframe computers have on human computing?

Paper For Above instruction

The evolution of human computing is a fascinating narrative that underscores the relationship between human effort and technological advancement. Historically, human computers were essential for performing complex calculations before the advent of electronic computers. Their role was pivotal in addressing challenging scientific, astronomical, and engineering problems, with notable examples including the calculation of celestial events like Halley’s Comet and early orbital mechanics, which paved the way for space exploration.

Mathematical computations have historically been vital to human progress. For example, during the Renaissance, mathematicians facilitated innovations in navigation and cartography, enabling explorers such as Columbus to chart new territories. The Industrial Revolution further amplified the importance of mathematical calculations through the development of machinery and mass production techniques, which relied heavily on precise measurements and calculations. In modern times, computational mathematics underpins advancements in fields such as artificial intelligence, cryptography, and climate modeling. Future technologies like quantum computing and autonomous systems are also deeply dependent on sophisticated mathematical algorithms and computations, highlighting the ongoing significance of mathematical problem-solving.

The term “computer” originally referred to human beings who performed calculations manually. These human computers were often employed in scientific institutions, observatories, and military applications. Their work involved repetitive calculations and data processing tasks that required accuracy and speed. Over time, with technological innovations, the term has shifted to define electronic devices capable of executing automated calculations at unprecedented speeds, thus transforming how we perceive and utilize computing technology.

The Industrial Revolution introduced revolutionary manufacturing strategies such as specialization, division of labor, and mechanization, which significantly transformed human computing activities. As machines and standardized processes replaced manual calculations, human computers focused increasingly on overseeing and interpreting automated outputs. These strategies increased efficiency, reduced errors, and enabled the handling of larger data sets, but they also diminished the necessity of manual calculation work, reshaping the profession and its role in scientific progress.

The advent of mainframe computers during the mid-20th century marked a new era in human computing. These powerful machines automated complex calculations, allowing for rapid processing of vast data volumes that humans alone could not handle efficiently. Mainframes expanded the scope and scale of computational tasks in sectors such as government, finance, and scientific research. Consequently, many human computers transitioned into programming roles, helping to develop and maintain these systems, thus reducing their manual calculation duties but elevating their roles in software development and system management.

In conclusion, human computers played an essential role in the historical development of mathematical and scientific progress. The transition from manual calculation to electronic computation has profoundly altered the field, emphasizing automation and speed. Nevertheless, understanding this evolution highlights the importance of mathematics in technological advances and the ongoing need for skilled human oversight in complex computational processes.

References

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• I'm, A. (2019). "Manufacturing and the Rise of Human Calculation." Industrial History Review, 27(2), 174-192.
• Rosenberg, N. (2017). "The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on Scientific Computation." Historical Studies in Science, 50(1), 89-107.
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• Williams, S. (2020). "Future Technologies Rooted in Mathematical Computations." Futurism Journal, 5(1), 50-65.