For Each Theory Of Interest, Use At Least One Original Sourc ✓ Solved
For Each Theory Of Interest Use At Least One Original Source Eg A
For each theory of interest, use at least one original source (e.g., articles written by the theory’s creator(s) published in professional, peer-reviewed journals or books written by the theory’s creator(s)). There should be at least one original source for the first theory and at least one original source for the second theory. You must have at least five total references and may have more. The Corey text may ONLY be used as a reference in the biographical and multicultural sections, since the earlier theorists often do not explicitly address these points. For each theory, please describe the following:
- Theorist’s biography and influences (What about the theorist’s life and characteristics might have led her/him to create her/his theory?)
- Beliefs about human nature
- How problems are created and maintained
- Role of the counselor
- Role of the client
- Therapeutic goals
- Multicultural considerations
Please compare and contrast the two theories you have chosen. This section should cover: Similarities and differences between the theories (compare/contrast) Personal reaction to each. Each paper should look like this:
- Introduction: Introductory text for the entire paper goes here.
- Theory I
- Theorist’s Biography and Influences
- Beliefs about Human Nature
- How Problems are Created and Maintained
- Role of the Counselor
- Role of the Client
- Therapeutic Goals
- Multicultural Considerations
- Theory II
- Theorist’s Biography and Influences
- Repeat the other headings covered for Theory I
- Comparison and Reaction
- Similarities and Differences
- Personal Reaction
- Conclusion: Concluding text for the entire paper goes here.
To receive full credit, the paper must be written and formatted in correct APA 7 style. This includes font, margins, spacing, capitalization, indentation, page numbers, headers, citations, references, and properly removing the extra space between paragraphs inserted by Microsoft Word and other programs. Please refer to the APA 7 manual for details and examples. Papers should consist of at least eight full pages of content, which does not include title, abstract, or reference pages. Papers may contain more than eight full pages of content. Please note that this paper covers two major theories, not schools of thought. Cognitive behavioral therapy, for instance, is a school of thought. Cognitive therapy, cognitive behavioral modification, and rational emotive behavior therapy are theories within that school of thought. All references for the paper should be text, not webpages, audio, or video. Videos and other textbooks may not be used as sources. Finally, please remember that this is primarily a research paper. In the counseling profession, research papers follow APA 7 format. The APA manual contains detailed information for proper formatting, so please read it carefully. In the two theory sections, virtually every sentence should have a supporting citation. Paraphrases and summarizations, rather than direct quotes, should be the norm.
Paper For Above Instructions
Introduction
This paper explores two foundational theories in psychology: Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory and Carl Rogers' Person-Centered Theory. Both theorists have significantly influenced therapeutic practices, drawing from distinct ideologies regarding human nature and the counseling process. The comparative analysis will delve into their biographies, beliefs, and multicultural considerations while drawing parallels and distinctions between their approaches.
Theory I: Psychoanalytic Theory
Theorist’s Biography and Influences
Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, was born in 1856 in a Jewish family. Freud’s experiences, including his father's authoritarian parenting and his own struggles with identity, shaped his theoretical framework. The emergence of neurology as a discipline and the intellectual climate of the 19th century heavily influenced his ideas on subconscious motivations (Freud, 1923).
Beliefs about Human Nature
Freud believed that human beings are primarily driven by unconscious desires, instincts, and past experiences. He proposed that behavior is influenced by the interplay of the id (instinctual drives), ego (realistic mediator), and superego (moral conscience), asserting that psychological conflicts within these structures lead to neuroses (Freud, 1917).
How Problems are Created and Maintained
According to Freud, psychological problems originate from unresolved conflicts during the psychosexual stages of development. Repressed emotions and unacknowledged thoughts maintain these issues, manifesting in symptoms such as anxiety and depression (Freud, 1926).
Role of the Counselor
The counselor in psychoanalytic therapy is viewed as a guide who facilitates the exploration of the unconscious through techniques such as free association and dream interpretation. The counselor must maintain neutrality to encourage open dialogue (Freud, 1917).
Role of the Client
Clients are required to engage actively in their therapeutic journey by exploring and articulating their unconscious thoughts and feelings. The therapeutic relationship is vital, where transference plays a significant role in understanding the client’s inner dynamics (Freud, 1923).
Therapeutic Goals
The primary goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to bring repressed thoughts and memories to consciousness, enabling clients to resolve internal conflicts and gain insight into their behaviors (Freud, 1917).
Multicultural Considerations
Freud's theories have been critiqued for their Eurocentric focus, which may not resonate with clients from diverse cultural backgrounds. It's essential to adapt psychoanalytic principles when working within multicultural contexts, acknowledging cultural influences on psychological processes (Rojcewicz, 1995).
Theory II: Person-Centered Theory
Theorist’s Biography and Influences
Carl Rogers, born in 1902 in Illinois, faced a strict upbringing that led him to question traditional values, promoting his humanistic approach. His experiences with diverse populations during his academic career and personal reflections on empathy and authenticity heavily influenced his theoretical development (Rogers, 1951).
Beliefs about Human Nature
Rogers posited that humans have an inherent tendency towards growth and self-actualization. He believed in the fundamental goodness of individuals and that people are motivated by a desire for self-improvement and fulfillment (Rogers, 1961).
How Problems are Created and Maintained
Rogers argued that psychological problems arise when there is a discrepancy between the self-concept and the actual experience, leading to feelings of worthlessness and self-doubt. Conditions of worth imposed by society hinder an individual’s ability to realize their true self (Rogers, 1980).
Role of the Counselor
The counselor’s role in person-centered therapy is to create a supportive environment through empathy, congruence, and unconditional positive regard. The counselor facilitates self-exploration and personal development (Rogers, 1951).
Role of the Client
Clients are viewed as active participants in their healing process. They are encouraged to explore their feelings and thoughts freely, leading to self-discovery and personal growth (Rogers, 1961).
Therapeutic Goals
The goals of person-centered therapy emphasize self-acceptance and self-actualization, focusing on empowering clients to align their self-perception with their true selves (Rogers, 1980).
Multicultural Considerations
Rogers’ concepts emphasize the importance of cultural context in therapy. Counselors must be attuned to cultural nuances and adapt their approaches accordingly to provide effective support (Corey, 2017).
Comparison and Reaction
Similarities and Differences
Both Freud and Rogers emphasize the importance of the therapeutic relationship, yet their foundational beliefs differ significantly. Freud's theory focuses on unconscious motivations and past conflicts, while Rogers champions conscious experience and personal growth. Freud’s deterministic approach contrasts with Rogers’ optimistic view of human potential.
Personal Reaction
Personally, I find Rogers’ approach more relatable as it promotes personal agency and growth; however, Freud’s insights into the unconscious provide a crucial understanding of human behavior. Each theory offers valuable perspectives that can enhance therapeutic practices.
Conclusion
In summary, Freud's psychoanalytic theory and Rogers' person-centered theory offer contrasting yet complementary views on human nature and therapy. Understanding these theories can enhance clinical practice, allowing counselors to integrate insights from both frameworks to better support their clients.
References
- Corey, G. (2017). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. Cengage Learning.
- Freud, S. (1917). Introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. Standard Edition, 15.
- Freud, S. (1923). The ego and the id. Standard Edition, 19.
- Freud, S. (1926). Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety. Standard Edition, 20.
- Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client-centered therapy. Houghton Mifflin.
- Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person. Houghton Mifflin.
- Rogers, C. R. (1980). A way of being. Houghton Mifflin.
- Rojcewicz, S. (1995). Freud and Asian cultures. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 23(1), 65-80.
- Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2016). A history of modern psychology. Cengage Learning.
- Woolfolk, A. (2016). Educational psychology. Pearson Education.