For This Assignment, You Will Complete Research Using Schola

For This Assignment You Will Complete Research Using Scholarly Sources

For this assignment you will complete research using scholarly sources to locate and discuss two different diseases. One disease example must be of microbial origin and the second disease example must be of non-microbial origin. As a reminder, microbes that cause disease are called pathogens. A pathogen is a micro-organism that has the potential to cause disease. The most common microbial causes of diseases and infections are bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses.

Examples of non-microbial causes of disease include immune or nervous system disorders, psychological stress, traumatic injury, chemicals, etc. You will create a PowerPoint presentation. For each disease, discuss the following: pathophysiology, prevalence, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment - when discussing treatment, it will be imperative that you discuss medication administration and dosage.

Presentation: Use PowerPoint. Include a title slide. Make sure that each slide is clearly labeled. Use the notes area of the slide to provide speaker notes (script) as if you were presenting the slide to an audience/class. Minimum of 13 slides. Include slide transitions. Make sure the design is professional and the text is readable. Make sure to spell check. Note: You can use the template as a starting point or create your own.

Paper For Above instruction

The task requires a comprehensive research-based presentation on two distinct diseases, one of microbial origin and one non-microbial, utilizing scholarly sources. The focus is to delve into the pathophysiology, prevalence, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment — specifically medication administration and dosage — of each disease. This structured approach aims to enhance understanding of diverse disease mechanisms and their management strategies.

Introduction

The complexity of human diseases necessitates a nuanced understanding of both infectious and non-infectious origins. Microbial diseases are caused by pathogens—bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses—each with unique mechanisms of causing illness. Conversely, non-microbial diseases stem from immune dysregulation, nervous system disorders, trauma, or chemical exposures. The purpose of this presentation is to explore one disease from each category, providing an in-depth analysis that encompasses their etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, and treatment modalities. Such knowledge is essential for healthcare professionals involved in diagnosis and management of these conditions.

Microbial Disease: Tuberculosis

Overview: Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, predominantly affecting the lungs but capable of involving other organs (World Health Organization, 2021). It remains a major global health concern, especially in developing countries. Understanding its pathophysiology, clinical features, and treatment strategies is essential for effective management.

Pathophysiology and Etiology

TB is transmitted via airborne droplets when infected individuals cough or sneeze. Once inhaled, M. tuberculosis bacteria reach alveoli, triggering a host immune response. Macrophages phagocytose the bacteria, but M. tuberculosis can evade destruction, leading to granuloma formation. The infection can remain latent or progress to active disease, characterized by tissue destruction and cavitation (Lawn & Zumla, 2011).

Prevalence and Clinical Manifestations

Globally, approximately 10 million people developed TB in 2021, with higher prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia (WHO, 2021). Symptoms include persistent cough, hemoptysis, fever, night sweats, and weight loss (Pai et al., 2016). Notably, latent TB can be asymptomatic, complicating diagnosis.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis involves sputum smear microscopy, culture, chest radiography, and molecular tests such as GeneXpert MTB/RIF. These methods aid in confirming active disease and detecting drug resistance (Centis et al., 2022).

Treatment and Medication

Standard TB treatment involves a combination of antibiotics over at least six months. The first-line drugs include isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), pyrazinamide (PZA), and ethambutol (EMB). Dosage depends on weight and patient factors, with typical adult doses as follows: INH 5 mg/kg, RIF 10 mg/kg, PZA 25 mg/kg, and EMB 15 mg/kg daily (World Health Organization, 2019). Adherence to regimen is critical to prevent drug resistance.

Non-Microbial Disease: Parkinson’s Disease

Overview: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, resulting in motor and non-motor symptoms (Kalia & Lang, 2015). Its etiology involves genetic and environmental factors, but the exact cause remains largely unknown.

Pathophysiology and Etiology

The degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons leads to decreased dopamine in the striatum, disrupting motor control pathways. Alpha-synuclein accumulation forms Lewy bodies, contributing to neuronal death (Poewe et al., 2017). Environmental toxins and genetic mutations are implicated, but idiopathic PD is most common.

Prevalence and Clinical Manifestations

PD affects roughly 1% of individuals over age 60 worldwide. Classic symptoms include resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. Non-motor symptoms such as depression, sleep disturbances, and cognitive decline are also prevalent (Kalia & Lang, 2015).

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on history and neurological examination. Imaging studies like DaTscan can support diagnosis but are not definitive. Application of the UK Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank criteria assists in diagnosis (Hughes et al., 1992).

Treatment and Medication

The mainstay of PD treatment is medication, primarily levodopa combined with carbidopa, which increases dopamine levels. Typical starting dose of levodopa-carbidopa is 25/100 mg three times daily, titrated based on response and tolerability (Olanow et al., 2009). Other medications include dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors, and COMT inhibitors. Deep brain stimulation is a surgical option for advanced cases. Managing side effects and medication timing is crucial to optimize quality of life.

Conclusion

The comprehensive understanding of diverse diseases—one infectious and one non-infectious—enhances diagnostic proficiency and treatment strategies. Tuberculosis exemplifies the global burden of microbial diseases, while Parkinson’s disease illustrates neurodegenerative disorders' complexity. Effective management requires integrating pathophysiological knowledge with tailored pharmacotherapy, emphasizing adherence and patient education.

References

  • Centis, R., Migliori, G. B., & Sotgiu, G. (2022). Advances in diagnosis of tuberculosis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 22(4), e106-e117.
  • Kalia, L. V., & Lang, A. E. (2015). Parkinson’s disease. The Lancet, 386(9996), 896-912.
  • Lawn, S. D., & Zumla, A. (2011). Tuberculosis. The Lancet, 378(9785), 57-72.
  • Olanow, C. W., Schapira, A. H. V., & Rascol, O. (2009). An algorithm (decision tree) for the management of Parkinson’s disease. Neurology, 66(8), 1247-1252.
  • Pai, M., et al. (2016). Tuberculosis diagnostics: State of the art and future directions. PLoS Medicine, 13(10), e1002110.
  • Poewe, W., et al. (2017). Parkinson disease. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 3, 17013.
  • World Health Organization. (2019). Treatment of tuberculosis: Guidelines. WHO Press.
  • World Health Organization. (2021). Global Tuberculosis Report 2021. WHO.
  • Hughes, A. J., et al. (1992). Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: A clinico-pathological study. Neurology, 42(6), 1142–1146.
  • Kim, S., et al. (2020). Neurodegenerative diseases: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 20(1), 1-14.

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