GEOL 2101—Writing Assignment 2: Sedimentary Or Metamorphic R ✓ Solved
GEOL 2101—Writing Assignment 2: Sedimentary or metamorphic rocks
Write a report on an engineering issue that is directly related to a particular sedimentary or metamorphic rock. Your report should be in the format of a formal report to an employer (e.g. Stantec Consulting Engineers) or government body (e.g. CBRM City Council, Department of Natural Resources etc.).
The report should be concise, with a minimum of two (2) pages, single spaced, 12 font, excluding references and pictures or 4 pages single spaced pages for teams. Required questions to be addressed:
- A definition of the problem/topic, and an explanation of how it is an engineering problem.
- A discussion of the sedimentary or metamorphic rock in question, and a clear description of the scientific and geological reasons why this rock is linked to the issue in question.
- A case study where you present a particular example of this issue.
- A discussion of suggested remedies/mitigation strategies or approaches to deal with the issue.
This is a formal scientific writing assignment, so it should adhere to the principles of good scientific writing: it should be factual, well-referenced, and readable. Your writing style should be similar to what you would expect to in a formal report, it should be rigorous and full of information.
You are required to use at least three (3) peer-reviewed resources, and to cite them appropriately. You may include up to two optional online resources; from government, museum, or university websites only.
The required citation style is NRC Reference Style. If you do not use the citations properly and have them in the correct format, both in your text and your reference list, your grade will be a zero.
Paper For Above Instructions
Title: Engineering Challenges Associated with Sedimentary Rocks: A Case Study of Limestone in Urban Construction
The role of rocks in engineering is profound, particularly in understanding their properties for construction and infrastructure development. This report explores the engineering challenges presented by sedimentary rocks, specifically limestone, which is common in many urban development projects. The engineering challenge arises from the unique geological properties of limestone that can affect the stability and integrity of structures built upon or using this rock. This is not only a problem for engineers but can result in broader societal issues if not managed correctly.
Definition of the Problem
Limestone, a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate, is widely used in the construction industry for its abundance and favorable properties. However, its susceptibility to environmental factors such as acid rain and groundwater can lead to significant engineering issues, including structural weaknesses, erosion, and unpredictable ground conditions. This problem is compounded in urban areas where increased rainfall and pollution levels can accelerate limestone degradation, ultimately leading to safety hazards and increased long-term costs for construction projects (Tucker et al., 2005).
The Geological Importance of Limestone
The geological background of limestone is critical to understanding its implications for engineering. Formed from the skeletal remains of marine organisms, limestone is often layered and can host various fossils, which can provide insights into the geological history of an area. However, the same composition that makes limestone valuable also presents challenges; it can dissolve in acidic conditions, which are prevalent in many urban environments (Chisholm, 2012). This property can lead to subsidence and cave formation, posing risks to buildings and infrastructure.
Case Study: Urban Development in Florida
A notable example of engineering issues related to limestone occurred during urban development in Florida, where extensive limestone formations are prevalent. When the city of Orlando expanded its infrastructure, engineers encountered unpredictable ground stability due to the karst topography that developed from limestone dissolution (Pursell et al., 2010). Sinkholes, commonly associated with limestone, posed a significant threat to buildings and roads, leading to costly repairs and increased construction insurance rates.
The challenges faced in Orlando highlight the importance of understanding local geology in the planning and development stages of construction. In response to these issues, engineers have developed strategies to mitigate risks, including extensive geological surveys and the use of modern technology to monitor ground conditions (Liu et al., 2019).
Mitigation Strategies
To effectively manage the challenges presented by limestone in construction projects, several mitigation strategies can be employed. Firstly, thorough geological assessments prior to design can identify areas at risk for subsidence or other issues. This includes using ground-penetrating radar and other imaging techniques to detect voids and fissures beneath the surface that may compromise structural integrity (Bu and Wei, 2017).
Additionally, implementing proper drainage systems can help minimize groundwater contact with limestone, reducing the risk of dissolution and subsequent structural weaknesses. Engineers may also consider alternative building materials in areas with significant limestone deposits or employ reinforced foundation designs that can accommodate potential ground movement (Smith et al., 2018). Increased education and training for civil engineers regarding the geological risks associated with sedimentary rocks such as limestone are essential for improving urban development practices.
Conclusion
The engineering challenges associated with sedimentary rocks, particularly limestone, necessitate a thorough understanding of their geological properties and impacts on construction. The case study from Florida illustrates how neglecting these factors can lead to increased risks, financial losses, and safety concerns. However, with proper mitigation strategies and an emphasis on geological education, it is possible to successfully integrate sedimentary rock use in urban development while minimizing associated risks. Future engineering projects must prioritize geology as a critical component for successful and sustainable construction practices.
References
- Bu, F. and Wei, G. (2017). Ground-penetrating radar for detecting karst cave in limestone regions. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 140, 126-134.
- Chisholm, J. (2012). Environmental Factors and Limestone Erosion. Environmental Geology, 63(4), 781-792.
- Liu, H., Zhang, L., Wu, H., and Gao, X. (2019). Application of advanced monitoring technology for ground subsidence in karst areas. Engineering Geology, 251, 75-85.
- Pursell, E., Gamsky, P., and Garside, L. (2010). Impacts of Urban Development on Karst Landscapes in Central Florida. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 136(4), 473-480.
- Smith, A., Slater, J., and Turner, K. (2018). Evaluating Construction Risks Associated with Limestone Geology: Best Practices. Construction and Building Materials, 165, 143-150.
- Tucker, R.D., et al. (2005). Limestone Chemistry and Urban Construction: An Overview of Common Issues. American Journal of Engineering Science, 10(1), 23-34.