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Compare global health policies, social determinants impacting health issues, and the effects of these policies on healthcare outcomes in different countries, specifically focusing on the United States. Analyze how these policies address cost, quality, and access, and consider their influence on the role of nurses and local healthcare systems.

Describe the policy related to the identified healthcare issue in each country. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of these policies. Explain how social determinants of health may influence the health issue, providing specific examples. Discuss how each country's government addresses cost, quality, and access in relation to the health issue. Assess the impacts of these policies on the health of the global population, with concrete examples. Consider the potential influence of policies on the nursing role in each country.

Additionally, examine how global health issues affect local healthcare organizations and policies in both countries, with detailed examples.

Sample Paper For Above instruction

Global health policies significantly influence healthcare outcomes and equity across countries. The United States, as a highly developed nation, has implemented a complex array of policies aimed at addressing specific health issues such as obesity, diabetes, and healthcare accessibility. The Affordable Care Act (ACA), enacted in 2010, stands as a pivotal policy designed to expand healthcare coverage, improve quality, and reduce costs. Its strengths include increased insurance coverage, protections for pre-existing conditions, and incentives for preventive care. However, weaknesses persist, such as disparities in access to care across different socioeconomic groups, continued high costs of insurance premiums, and variability in implementation across states (Sommers et al., 2017).

Social determinants of health, including socioeconomic status, education, environment, and neighborhood factors, heavily impact health outcomes in the U.S. For instance, populations in underserved communities often experience higher rates of chronic diseases like hypertension and diabetes, largely due to limited access to healthy foods, green spaces, and healthcare facilities (Williams et al., 2019). These determinants exacerbate health disparities, making policies that target social inequalities crucial for improving overall health outcomes.

In addressing cost, quality, and access, the U.S. government has focused on expanding insurance coverage through policy frameworks like the ACA, alongside incentivizing healthcare providers to enhance quality through value-based care models. The shift from fee-for-service to value-based care aims to improve quality while controlling costs (Berwick et al., 2016). Despite these efforts, access remains uneven, especially for minority and rural populations, which underscores ongoing challenges in achieving equitable healthcare (Henry et al., 2020).

The impact of the U.S. health policy on global health is also notable. For example, advancements in health technology, emphasis on preventive care, and health system reforms influence global health initiatives, particularly in resource-limited settings. The U.S. also contributes through funding and research collaborations that help combat infectious diseases and improve maternal health worldwide (Marmot et al., 2020).

From a nursing perspective, policies shape the scope of practice, educational requirements, and roles nurses undertake. The expansion of nurse practitioners' scope in primary care settings, driven by policy reforms, enables nurses to directly improve access to care—especially in underserved communities (Hoffman et al., 2021). Policies that support advanced nursing education and mobility further empower nurses to meet evolving healthcare demands, thus playing a vital role in globally improving health outcomes.

In contrast, countries with different healthcare systems, such as the United Kingdom, utilizes a publicly funded model through the National Health Service (NHS). The NHS’s Universal Coverage Policy aims to provide equitable healthcare access, funded primarily through taxation. Strengths of this system include comprehensive coverage and cost control, but weaknesses include long wait times and resource constraints (Murray et al., 2017).

Social determinants also influence health outcomes in the UK, with socioeconomic disparities impacting access to services and health behaviors. The UK government has targeted costs and quality through policies like the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF), which links funding to quality indicators (Buck et al., 2018). The NHS government’s approach emphasizes universal access and high-quality care, which positively affects population health, especially in reducing health inequalities.

Global health issues, such as infectious disease outbreaks or chronic disease management, influence local healthcare policies in both countries by prompting reforms and resource allocation. For instance, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. and UK expanded telehealth services and prioritized vaccination strategies, demonstrating how global health threats can reshape local healthcare priorities (Smith et al., 2020).

In conclusion, understanding the policies, social determinants, and their impacts on healthcare systems across countries reveals critical insights into global health management. Policymakers and healthcare professionals, including nurses, must collaborate to develop equitable, efficient, and effective health strategies to address these complex issues and improve health outcomes worldwide.

References

• Berwick, D. M., Nolan, T. W., & Whittington, J. (2016). Health care quality improvement: lessons from the U.S. experience. Journal of the American Medical Association, 316(22), 2325–2326.
• Buck, D., Goodwin, N., & Dibben, M. (2018). The NHS and social care integration: lessons from the UK. The Milbank Quarterly, 96(2), 314-359.
• Hoffman, L., Madden, C., & Chyung, S. (2021). Scope of practice expansion for nurse practitioners: impact on healthcare access. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 12(2), 34-41.
• Henry, J., Diaz, M., & Benjamin, R. (2020). Addressing disparities in healthcare access. Health Affairs, 39(4), 721–728.
• Marmot, M., Allen, J., & Goldblatt, P. (2020). Social determinants of health inequalities. The Lancet, 392(10154), 1655-1664.
• Murray, C., Arora, T., & Forman, D. (2017). The British NHS: strengths and weaknesses. BMJ, 358, j2913.
• Sommers, B. D., Gunja, M. Z., & Swartz, K. (2017). Changes in health insurance coverage and the ACA. The New England Journal of Medicine, 376(24), 235-244.
• Smith, J., Brown, A., & Williams, R. (2020). Pandemic-induced shifts in healthcare delivery. Journal of Public Health Policy, 41(4), 415-429.
• Williams, D. R., Gonzalez, H. M., & Neighbors, H. (2019). Impact of social determinants on health disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 109(S3), S140–S146.