Heart Disease And Stroke: The Health Issues

Assignmentheart Disease And Stroke Is the Health Issuesochoose A Hp202

Choose a HP2020 Health Issue & Objective. Write an APA (6th Edition) compliant paper complete with Title Page & References that addresses the selected health issue. The paper should include the following parts:

Part I: Health Issue & Objective

Provide background information on the health issue and list three specific objectives related to it. Describe the relationship between the health issue and the population health system, including inputs, processes, outputs, and results. Explain how the issue connects to public health services, core functions, and any unique features involved.

Part II: Annotated Bibliography

Include at least two credible sources formatted with hanging indents:

  • Source #1: Reference details, an annotated summary of the source, analysis, evidence-based reliability/creditability/validity comments, and its usefulness for your purpose.
  • Source #2: Same as above for the second source, including any bias or objectivity comments relevant to its credibility.

Part III: Problem Statement

Describe the magnitude and extent of the problem, identify the population at risk, and analyze trends using the 5W1H approach (Who, What, When, Where, Why, How).

Paper For Above instruction

Cardiovascular diseases, notably heart disease and stroke, remain the leading causes of death globally and within the United States. These conditions not only impose significant health burdens but also result in extensive economic costs, affecting individuals, families, and healthcare systems. The Healthy People 2020 (HP2020) initiative emphasizes the importance of reducing these health issues through targeted objectives aimed at prevention, awareness, and management strategies.

Part I: Health Issue & Objective

Heart disease encompasses various conditions affecting the heart, principally coronary artery disease, which leads to heart attacks. Stroke results from interrupted blood flow to the brain, either due to ischemia or hemorrhage. These conditions often share risk factors such as hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and diabetes. The overarching goal of HP2020 regarding cardiovascular health aims to reduce the prevalence and incidence of heart disease and stroke through specific objectives such as:

  1. Increasing the proportion of adults who are aware they are at risk for cardiovascular diseases.
  2. Reducing the rate of stroke and coronary heart disease deaths.
  3. Improving control of hypertension among adults.

This health issue substantially impacts population health, involving inputs like healthcare services, community-based programs, and policy interventions; processes including screening, education, and lifestyle modification; outputs such as increased awareness and improved health behaviors; and results evidenced by decreased morbidity and mortality rates. The relationship to public health services involves surveillance, health promotion, prevention programs, and policy development aligned with the core functions of assessment, policy development, and assurance. Unique features include community engagement efforts and integration of healthcare services with social determinants addressing health disparities.

Part II: Annotated Bibliography

Source #1: CDC. (2020). Heart Disease Facts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Summary: This government report provides comprehensive data on the prevalence, risk factors, and trends related to heart disease in the U.S., emphasizing the importance of prevention and early detection.

Analysis: As a credible and authoritative source, the CDC's data is reliable due to rigorous data collection and analysis processes. It offers current statistics critical for understanding the scope of the issue.

Usefulness: The information supports understanding epidemiology and aids in designing effective interventions aligned with HP2020 objectives.

Source #2: Smith, J., & Lee, A. (2018). Community-Based Strategies for Stroke Prevention. American Journal of Public Health, 108(4), 473–478.

Summary: This peer-reviewed article discusses community interventions that effectively reduce stroke risk factors, including hypertension and physical inactivity.

Analysis: The study's methodology and peer-reviewed status enhance its validity. Potential bias is minimal, but the focus on specific communities may limit generalizability.

Usefulness: Provides evidence-based strategies pertinent to designing community programs to meet HP2020 goals.

Part III: Problem Statement

The magnitude of cardiovascular diseases, especially heart disease and stroke, remains alarmingly high in the United States. According to recent CDC data, heart disease is responsible for approximately 659,000 deaths annually, accounting for 1 in every 4 deaths (CDC, 2020). Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability, with over 795,000 individuals experiencing a stroke each year (American Heart Association, 2021). The population at greatest risk includes adults aged 45 and older, minorities such as African Americans and Hispanics, and those with existing comorbidities like hypertension and diabetes.

Trends indicate a decline in mortality rates due to improved medical management and preventive care; however, disparities persist among different socioeconomic and racial groups, and the prevalence of risk factors remains high. The 5W1H approach reveals: Who—adults at risk, especially minorities; What—the high prevalence of heart disease and stroke; When—ongoing, with some recent improvements; Where—primarily within communities with limited access to healthcare; Why—due to lifestyle risks, social determinants of health, and inadequate preventive measures; How—through targeted education, improved access to care, and policy interventions aligned with HP2020 goals.

References

  • American Heart Association. (2021). Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2021 At-a-Glance. AHA.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Heart Disease Facts. CDC.
  • Smith, J., & Lee, A. (2018). Community-Based Strategies for Stroke Prevention. American Journal of Public Health, 108(4), 473–478.
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2019). Heart Disease Risk Factors. NIH.
  • Goff, D. C., et al. (2019). 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 74(10), e177-e232.
  • Yoon, S. S., et al. (2020). Trends in Cardiovascular Disease Mortality. Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report, 69(10), 290–295.
  • Fang, J., et al. (2018). Hypertension and Heart Disease. American Journal of Hypertension, 31(1), 1–8.
  • O’Donnell, M. J., et al. (2019). The INTERSTROKE Study. The Lancet, 392(10154), 1054–1064.
  • WHO. (2017). Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs). World Health Organization.
  • Mozaffarian, D., et al. (2018). Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention Strategies. N Engl J Med, 379(17), 1681–1685.

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