Here Are 4 Fictional Species Of Bacteria And Their Genetics ✓ Solved

Here Are 4 Fictional Species Of Bacteria And The Genetic Information F

Here are 4 fictional species of bacteria and the genetic information for each. Calculate the relatedness using the instructions provided and build a cladogram. Upload the cladogram to Blackboard in a Microsoft Word format. You can use PowerPoint to create the cladogram. If you need help with this, you can use the LRC or other tutors to help you build this. Then save the picture and copy and paste it into the Microsoft Word format. Odessa clovis AUGCAUGGUACAGGA O. allystair UUGAUCCUAAAUGGU O. zhengdao AUGCUUGAUACGAGU O. brian AUGCAGGGUGCAGGA you could please do Odessa clovis comparing to o.brian /zhengdao comparing to o.brian Will upload Guidance !!

Sample Paper For Above instruction

Introduction

The construction of phylogenetic trees or cladograms offers critical insights into the evolutionary relationships among different species, including bacteria. By analyzing genetic sequences, scientists can infer how closely related species are, based on their genetic similarities and differences. This process involves comparing nucleotide sequences from various organisms, calculating genetic distances, and visualizing relationships through cladograms. Here, we will focus on four fictional bacterial species with provided genetic sequences, perform sequence comparisons to determine their relatedness, and construct a cladogram illustrating these evolutionary relationships.

Methodology

The primary step involves comparing the genetic sequences of the species using sequence alignment to identify similarities and differences. The sequences for each species are as follows:

- Odessa clovis: AUGCAUGGUACAGGA

- O. allystair: UUGAUCCUAAAUGGU

- Zengdao: AUGCUUGAUACGAGU

- O. brian: AUGCAGGGUGCAGGA

We will specifically focus on comparing Odessa clovis with O. brian, and Zengdao with O. brian, as requested. The sequence comparison can be performed using the pairwise alignment method to calculate the number of matching bases and mismatches, which will then inform the genetic distance between the species.

Sequence Alignment and Distance Calculation

First, analyze Odessa clovis vs. O. brian:

Odessa clovis: AUGCAUGGUACAGGA

O. brian: AUGCAGGGUGCAGGA

Comparison:

- Positions 1-4: AUGC vs. AUGC (match)

- Position 5: A vs. A (match)

- Position 6: U vs. G (mismatch)

- Position 7: G vs. G (match)

- Position 8: G vs. G (match)

- Position 9: U vs. U (match)

- Position 10: A vs. G (mismatch)

- Position 11: C vs. G (mismatch)

- Position 12: A vs. C (mismatch)

- Position 13: G vs. G (match)

- Position 14: G vs. G (match)

- Position 15: A vs. A (match)

Number of matches: 9

Number of mismatches: 6

Next, compare Zengdao with O. brian:

Zengdao: AUGCUUGAUACGAGU

O. brian: AUGCAGGGUGCAGGA

Comparison:

- Positions 1-4: AUGC vs. AUGC (match)

- Position 5: U vs. A (mismatch)

- Position 6: G vs. G (match)

- Position 7: U vs. G (mismatch)

- Position 8: G vs. G (match)

- Position 9: A vs. U (mismatch)

- Position 10: U vs. G (mismatch)

- Position 11: A vs. C (mismatch)

- Position 12: C vs. G (mismatch)

- Position 13: G vs. C (mismatch)

- Position 14: A vs. A (match)

- Position 15: U vs. G (mismatch)

Number of matches: 4

Number of mismatches: 9

Calculation of Genetic Distance

The genetic distance can be estimated based on the number of mismatches relative to total sequence length:

- Odessa clovis vs. O. brian: 6 mismatches out of 15 positions => 0.4 genetic distance

- Zengdao vs. O. brian: 9 mismatches out of 15 positions => 0.6 genetic distance

Using these distances, we can construct a simple cladogram representing the relatedness—the smaller the distance, the more closely related the species.

Constructing the Cladogram

Based on the genetic distances, we can infer that Odessa clovis is more closely related to O. brian than Zengdao is. The cladogram will therefore have Odessa clovis and O. brian as more closely grouped, with Zengdao branching separately.

Step-by-Step Cladogram Construction

1. Start with the most similar pair: Odessa clovis and O. brian.

2. Draw a branch connecting Odessa clovis and O. brian, indicating their close relationship.

3. Connect Zengdao separately, representing its greater genetic distance to both.

The final cladogram visually shows Odessa clovis and O. brian as sister taxa, with Zengdao as a more distant relative, reflecting the genetic distances calculated.

Conclusion

Through sequence comparison, we established that Odessa clovis is more closely related to O. brian than Zengdao. Constructing the cladogram based on these genetic distances demonstrates the evolutionary relationships among these fictional bacterial species. This approach underscores the importance of genetic analysis in understanding phylogenetic relationships and evolution.

References

  1. Felsenstein, J. (2004). Inferring Phylogenies. Sinauer Associates.
  2. Nei, M., & Kumar, S. (2000). Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics. Oxford University Press.
  3. Page, R. D. M. (1996). TreeView: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Computer Applications in the Biosciences, 12(4), 357-358.
  4. Hall, B. G. (2011). Phylogenetic Trees Made Easy (2nd ed.). Sinauer Associates.
  5. Mount, D. W. (2008). Sequence Comparison and Phylogenetics. In Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis (3rd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

Related Assignments