Homework 11: A Researcher Measures Job Satisfaction Among Ma

Homework 11 A Researcher Measures Job Satisfaction Among Married Si

HOMEWORK #. A researcher measures job satisfaction among married, single, and divorced employees to determine whether marital status can influence job satisfaction. Based on the following description in APA format, state the value for k , N , and n . A one-way analysis of variance showed that job satisfaction did not vary by marital status, F (3, 36) = 1.86, p > 0.05. k = N = n = 2. The following is an incomplete F -table summarizing the results of a study of the variance of life satisfaction scores among unemployed, retired, part-time, and full-time employees.

Source of Variation SS df MS F Between groups 16 Within groups (error) 36 Total 124 (a) Complete the F -table. (Round your values for mean squares and F to two decimal places.) Source of Variation SS df MS F Between groups 16 Within groups (error) 36 Total 124 (b) Compute omega-squared ( ω 2). (Round your answer to two decimal places.) ω 2 = 3. Iconic memory is a type of memory that holds visual information for about half a second (0.5 seconds). To demonstrate this type of memory, participants were shown three rows of four letters for 50 milliseconds. They were then asked to recall as many letters as possible, with a 0-, 0.5-, or 1.0-second delay before responding. Researchers hypothesized that longer delays would result in poorer recall.

The number of letters correctly recalled is given in the table. Delay Before Recall . (a) Complete the F -table. (Round your values for MS and F to two decimal places.) Source of Variation SS df MS F Between groups Within groups (error) Total (b) Compute Tukey's HSD post hoc test and interpret the results. (Assume alpha equal to 0.05. Round your answer to two decimal places.) The critical value is for each pairwise comparison. 4. An educator wants to evaluate four different methods aimed at reducing the time children spend "off task" in the classroom.

To test these methods, she implements one method in each of four similar classrooms and records the time spent off task (in minutes) in each classroom. The results are given in the table. Classroom Method A B C D (a) Complete the F -table. (Round your answers to two decimal places.) Source of Variation SS df MS F Between groups Within groups (error) Total 5. Drakou, Kambitsis, Charachousou, and Tzetzis (2006) tested differences in life satisfaction among sport coaches. They tested differences by gender, age, marital status, and education.

The results of each F -test in the following table are similar to the way in which the data were given in their article. Independent Variables Life Satisfaction M SD F p Gender 0..409 Men 3..51 Women 3..49 Age 3..s 3..s 4..s 3..s 4..50 Marital status 12..000 Single 3..48 Married 4..50 Divorced 4..35 Education 0..536 High school 3..48 Postsecondary 3..54 University degree 4..51 Masters 4..59 (a) Which factors were significant at a 0.05 level of significance? (Select all that apply.) marital statuseducationgenderage (b) State the number of levels for each factor. gender levels age levels marital status levels education levels 6. Using a rating scale, Tekinarslan (2008) measured computer anxiety among university students who use the computer very often, often, sometimes, and seldom.

Below are the results of the one-way ANOVA. Source of Variation SS df MS F Between groups 1,959...16* Within groups (error) 3,148..86 Total 5,108. (a) What are the values for N and k ? N = k = 7. A researcher records the following data for each of three groups. Group A Group B Group C What is the value of the F -statistic? (Round your answer to two decimal places.) F = Explain your answer.

F is the indicated value because the group means are different. There is no variability between groups. F is the indicated value because the group means are the same. There is no variability between groups. F is the indicated value because the groups means are different.

There is substantial variability between groups. F is the indicated value because the group means are the same. There is substantial variability between groups. 8. A child psychologist treats four children who are afraid of snakes with a behavioral modification procedure called systematic desensitization.

In this procedure, children were slowly introduced to a snake over four treatment sessions. Children rated how fearful they are of the snake before the first session (baseline) and following each treatment session. Higher ratings indicated greater fear. The hypothetical data are listed in the table. Sessions Baseline (a) Complete the F -table. (Round your value for F to two decimal places.) Source of Variation SS df MS Fobt Between groups Between persons Within groups (error) Total (b) Compute a Bonferroni procedure and interpret the results. (Assume experimentwise alpha equal to 0.05.) Ratings of fear significantly decreased from baseline to Session 4.Ratings of fear significantly decreased from baseline to Session 3.

Ratings of fear also significantly decreased from Session 1 to Session 4. None of the pairwise comparisons are significant.Ratings of fear significantly decreased from baseline to Session 3. Ratings of fear also significantly decreased from baseline to Session 4.Ratings of fear significantly decreased from Session 1 to Session 4. Ratings of fear also significantly decreased from Session 2 to Session 4. 9.

A study investigated the effects of physical fatigue on the performance of professional tennis players. Researchers measured the number of unforced errors committed by a random sample of 12 professional tennis players during the first three sets of a match. They hypothesized that increased fatigue would be associated with a greater number of errors. The following is an F -table for this hypothetical study using the one-way within-subjects ANOVA. Source of Variation SS df MS Fobt Between groups 15 Between persons 5 Within groups (error) 44 Total (a) Complete the F -table.

Source of Variation SS df MS Fobt Between groups 15 Between persons 5 Within groups (error) 44 Total Make a decision to retain or reject the null hypothesis. (Assume alpha equal to 0.05.) Retain the null hypothesis.Reject the null hypothesis. (b) Estimate effect size using partial omega-squared: ωP 2. (Round your answer to two decimal places.) ωP 2 = 10. Air traffic controllers perform the vital function of regulating the traffic of passenger planes. Frequently, air traffic controllers work long hours with little sleep. Researchers wanted to test their ability to make basic decisions as they become increasingly sleep deprived. To test their abilities, a sample of 6 air traffic controllers is selected and given a decision-making skills test following 12-hour, 24-hour, and 48-hour sleep deprivation.

Higher scores indicate better decision-making skills. The table lists the hypothetical results of this study. Sleep Deprivation 12 Hours 24 Hours 48 Hours (a) Complete the F -table. (Round your answers to two decimal places.) Source of Variation SS df MS Fobt Between groups Between persons Within groups (error) Total (b) Compute a Bonferroni procedure and interpret the results. (Assume experimentwise alpha equal to 0.05. Select all that apply.) There is a significant difference in decision making for the 12-hour and 24-hour sleep deprivation conditions.There are no significant differences between any of the groups.There is a significant difference in decision making for the 12-hour and 48-hour sleep deprivation conditions.There is a significant difference in decision making for the 24-hour and 48-hour sleep deprivation conditions.

11. Researchers in mental health fields are often interested in evaluating the effectiveness of using food images to enhance positive mood. Adapting a typical design from such studies, suppose we have participants rate their mood change on a standard self-report affect scale after viewing images of "comfort" foods, fruits/vegetables (F/V), and random non-food images (used as a control group). The results are given in the table at right for this hypothetical study. Images Control F/V Comfort Foods (a) Complete the F -table. (Round your answers to two decimal places.) Source of Variation SS df MS Fobt Between groups Between persons Within groups (error) Total (b) Compute a Bonferroni procedure and interpret the results. (Assume experimentwise alpha equal to 0.05.

Select all that apply.) Participants rated a significantly larger mood change after viewing images of comfort foods compared with the mood change after viewing control images.Participants rated a significantly larger mood change after viewing images of comfort foods compared with the mood change after viewing images of fruits/vegetables.Participants rated a significantly larger mood change after viewing images of fruits/vegetables compared with the mood change after viewing control images.There were no significant differences between any of the groups. 12. Wilfley and colleagues (2008) tested whether the antiobesity drug sibutramine would be an effective treatment for people with binge eating disorder.

They measured the frequency of binge eating every 2 weeks for 24 weeks during treatment. The following table lists a portion of the data similar to results reported by the authors for the frequency of binge eating over the first 8 weeks of the drug treatment. Frequency of Binge Eating Baseline Week 2 Week 4 Week 6 Week (a) Complete the F -table. (Round your answers to two decimal places.) Source of Variation SS df MS Fobt Between groups Between persons Within groups (error) Total Make a decision to retain or reject the null hypothesis. (Assume experimentwise alpha equal to 0.05.) Retain the null hypothesis.Reject the null hypothesis. (b) Use the Bonferroni procedure to make the post hoc test. In which week do we first see significant differences compared to baseline?

Week 2 is the first week where significant differences from baseline are evident.Week 4 is the first week where significant differences from baseline are evident. Week 6 is the first week where significant differences from baseline are evident.Week 8 is the first week where significant differences from baseline are evident.None of the weeks are significantly different from the baseline. 13. An educator evaluates the effects of small, medium, and large class sizes on academic performance among male and female students. Identify each factor and the levels of each factor in this example. (Select all that apply.) academic performance (three levels: above average, average, below average)class size (two levels: small, large)gender (two levels: male, female)gender (three levels: male, female, trans)class size (three levels: small, medium, large)academic performance (two levels: passing, failing) 14.

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression during seasons with less daylight (e.g., winter months). One therapy for SAD is phototherapy, which is increased exposure to light used to improve mood. A researcher tests this therapy by exposing a sample of patients with SAD to different intensities of light (low, medium, high) in a light box, either in the morning or at night (these are the times thought to be most effective for light therapy). All participants rated their mood following this therapy on a scale from 1 ( poor mood ) to 9 ( improved mood ). The hypothetical results are given in the following table.

Light Intensity Low Medium High Time of Day Morning Night (a) Complete the F -table and make a decision to retain or reject the null hypothesis for each hypothesis test. (Round your answers to two decimal places. Assume experimentwise alpha equal to 0.05.) Source of Variation SS df MS F Time of day Intensity Time of day à— Intensity Error Total State the decision for the main effect of the time of day. Retain the null hypothesis.Reject the null hypothesis. State the decision for the main effect of intensity. Retain the null hypothesis.Reject the null hypothesis.

State the decision for the interaction effect. Retain the null hypothesis.Reject the null hypothesis. (b) Compute Tukey's HSD to analyze the significant main effect. The critical value is for each pairwise comparison. Summarize the results for this test using APA format. 15.

In an effort to promote a new product, a marketing firm asks participants to rate the effectiveness of ads that varied by length (short, long) and by type of technology (static, dynamic, interactive). Higher ratings indicated greater effectiveness. Source of Variation SS df MS F Length 10 Technology Length à— Technology 158 Error Total 878 (a) Complete the F -table and make a decision to retain or reject the null hypothesis for each hypothesis test. (Assume experimentwise alpha equal to 0.05.) Source of Variation SS df MS F Length 10 Technology Length à— Technology 158 Error Total 878

Paper For Above instruction

The evaluation of various factors influencing human behavior and performance through statistical analyses such as Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a cornerstone of experimental psychology and social sciences research. This paper examines a series of studies where researchers applied ANOVA to determine the effects of different variables like marital status, job satisfaction, memory recall delays, teaching methods, and physiological conditions on outcomes such as satisfaction, recall, performance, and mood. Ultimately, this analysis emphasizes the importance of statistical literacy and the careful interpretation of F-values, effect sizes, and post hoc comparisons to draw meaningful conclusions about these phenomena.

Introduction

Statistical analysis, specifically ANOVA, allows researchers to assess whether differences among group means are statistically significant when multiple groups are involved. This method partitions the total variability observed in data into components attributable to different sources, such as treatments or factors, and error. Interpreting the F-test results, along with measures like omega-squared (ω²) and post hoc tests like Tukey's HSD, provides insight into the practical significance and specific group differences within the data. This paper discusses various studies exploring psychological, educational, health, and marketing variables, illustrating the breadth of ANOVA applications.

Analysis of Variance in Job Satisfaction and Marital Status

The initial data indicates a study where job satisfaction was measured across marital statuses—married, single, and divorced. The analysis yielded an F-value of 1.86 with degrees of freedom (3, 36), suggesting no statistically significant difference in job satisfaction across these groups (p > 0.05). The value of k (number of groups) is 3, N (total sample size) is 39, and n (sample size per group), assuming equal groups, is 13. This exemplifies an applied one-way ANOVA where the null hypothesis of equal group means cannot be rejected.

To complement this, a study among unemployed, retired, part-time, and full-time employees attempted to summarize variance components. The complete F-table required calculation of mean squares and the F-ratio. With SS (Sum of Squares) for between-group variation as 16 and within-group variation as 36, the MS for between groups is 16/3 ≈ 5.33, and for within groups, 36/33 ≈ 1.09. The F-value thus becomes 5.33 / 1.09 ≈ 4.89, indicating the level of variance explained by employment status differences.

Memory Recall and Delay Intervals

Iconic memory was assessed by showing participants rows of letters with varying delay intervals before recall—0, 0.5, or 1.0 seconds. The ANOVA analysis included calculating sums of squares, degrees of freedom, and mean squares to generate an F-value, which indicates whether the delay significantly impacts recall accuracy. Suppose the calculated F-value is significant; post hoc tests like Tukey’s HSD are employed to pinpoint which delays differ significantly. This analysis demonstrates how brief sensory memory stores influence cognitive performance over time.

Educational Methods and Classroom Performance

An experimental evaluation involving four classroom teaching methods aimed at decreasing "off-task" behavior employed ANOVA to determine the impact on time spent off task. The ANOVA table components include SS values for between-group differences and within-group variances. A significant F-value would suggest at least one method differs in effectiveness. Follow-up post hoc analysis compares the means pairwise, helping educators choose effective strategies.

Variability in Life Satisfaction and Demographic Factors

A study explored how life satisfaction varies with demographic variables such as gender, age, marital status, and education. F-tests indicate which factors have a statistically significant influence. For instance, if the p-value for marital status is below 0.05, marital status significantly affects life satisfaction. The number of levels in each factor, such as three for education and two for gender, further contextualizes the complexity of the analysis.

Computer Anxiety and Group Differences

The rating of computer anxiety was analyzed through ANOVA, with the total SS indicating variability between groups (e.g., levels of computer use) and within groups. The F-statistic derived from mean squares reveals whether the levels differ significantly. No difference implies that the group means are similar, whereas a significant F indicates variability attributable to the factors studied.

Behavioral Desensitization and Fear Reduction

Systematic desensitization was used to reduce snake fear. By measuring ratings before and after each session, a repeated measures ANOVA was conducted. The F-value quantifies the variance due to treatment over time. Post hoc tests, such as Bonferroni correction, determine whether fear ratings significantly decrease at specific time points, confirming the procedure's effectiveness.

Fatigue and Tennis Performance

Physical fatigue was examined in tennis players, where the number of unforced errors across three sets were recorded. The F-value indicates whether errors significantly increase with fatigue. If the null hypothesis of no difference is rejected, it suggests fatigue impacts performance. Effect size via partial omega-squared (ωP 2) quantifies the magnitude of this impact.

Sleep Deprivation and Decision-Making Skills

Air traffic controllers' decision-making abilities under sleep deprivation were assessed through ANOVA. A significant F-statistic suggests that performance deteriorates with increased sleep deprivation time, with post hoc comparisons identifying which durations differ significantly. The analysis informs operational policies regarding work hours.

Effectiveness of Phototherapy in Seasonal Affective Disorder

Phototherapy's effect on mood was tested across light intensities (low, medium