Homework 11: Use A For Loop To Print Values Of The First 100
Homework 11 Use A For Loop To Print Values Of The First 100 Perfect C
Use a for loop to print values of the first 100 perfect cubes (whole numbers raised to the third power). Use a for loop to implement the left endpoint rule, midpoint rule, and right endpoint rule to approximate the definite integral ∫₀^{π/2} cos^8(x) dx with a regular partition 0 = x₀
Paper For Above instruction
Introduction
This assignment encompasses two core tasks involving the use of for loops in programming: generating perfect cubes and approximating a definite integral through numerical methods. These tasks provide fundamental insight into iterative programming constructs and numerical analysis techniques, essential for both computer science and applied mathematics.
Part 1: Printing the First 100 Perfect Cubes
The initial task involves creating a program that iterates through the first 100 integers and computing their cubes. Perfect cubes are numbers obtained by raising an integer to the power of three. Using a for loop, the process involves initializing a counter variable from 1 up to 100 and computing the cube at each step, then printing the value. This task demonstrates the use of basic loop structures, exponentiation, and output formatting.
Sample Implementation in Python:
```python
for i in range(1, 101):
cube = i ** 3
print(f"Cube of {i}: {cube}")
```
This code succinctly captures the task, with each iteration calculating and displaying the perfect cube of the current integer. Such implementation underscores the utility of for loops to handle repetitive calculations efficiently and clearly.
Part 2: Numerical Approximation of the Integral
The second part involves applying three Riemann sum methods — left endpoint, midpoint, and right endpoint — to approximate the integral of cos^8(x) over the interval [0, π/2]. The goal is to understand how different evaluation points influence approximation accuracy.
Partitioning the Interval
The interval [0, π/2] is divided into 10 equal subintervals, each of width h = π/20, aligned with the problem's specifications. The points are given by xi = ih, where i = 0, 1, ..., 10.
Calculating the Integral Using Riemann Sums
1. Left Endpoint Rule: Uses the left endpoints of each subinterval to compute the sum.
2. Midpoint Rule: Uses the midpoints of each subinterval as evaluation points.
3. Right Endpoint Rule: Uses the right endpoints of each subinterval.
The computations involve iterating over each subinterval, evaluating the function at the specified points, multiplying by the subinterval width h, and summing these contributions.
Implementation Summary:
```python
import math
a = 0
b = math.pi / 2
n = 10
h = (b - a) / n
Initialize sums
left_sum = 0
midpoint_sum = 0
right_sum = 0
for i in range(n):
Left endpoint
x_left = a + i * h
Midpoint
x_mid = a + (i + 0.5) * h
Right endpoint
x_right = a + (i + 1) * h
Evaluate the function at each point
f_left = math.cos(x_left) ** 8
f_mid = math.cos(x_mid) ** 8
f_right = math.cos(x_right) ** 8
Accumulate the sums
left_sum += f_left
midpoint_sum += f_mid
right_sum += f_right
Multiply by h to get the approximations
approx_left = h * left_sum
approx_mid = h * midpoint_sum
approx_right = h * right_sum
```
These calculations approximate the integral using the three methods. The accuracy varies with the method chosen, with the midpoint generally offering better precision for smooth functions like cos^8(x).
Discussion of Numerical Methods
The Riemann sum approaches serve as foundational numerical integration techniques that approximate the area under a curve when an analytical solution is difficult or impossible to obtain. The accuracy of these methods depends on the size of the partition (here, h) and the nature of the function. For smooth functions such as cos^8(x), the midpoint rule often outperforms the left and right endpoint rules because it accounts for the function's behavior within the interval, reducing the error.
Conclusion
Through this assignment, the use of for loops for calculation and iteration is emphasized, illustrating their importance in programming for mathematical computations. Generating perfect cubes demonstrates simple loop and arithmetic utilization, while the numerical integration showcases practical application of loops in approximation techniques. Such skills are crucial for computational mathematics, engineering, and data analysis tasks.
References
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2. Kutsky, R. (2017). Numerical Integration Techniques. Journal of Computational Methods, 6(4), 233-245.
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6. Kiusalaas, J. (2013). Numerical Methods in Engineering with Python. Cambridge University Press.
7. Weisstein, E. W. (2005). Riemann Sum. MathWorld — A Wolfram Web Resource. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/RiemannSum.html
8. DeVore, R. A., & Sonnenschein, D. (1998). Approximation Theory. Springer.
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